200 Variation and Correlation of the Human Skull 
The three points by which the horizontal plane was determined were the 
highest points of the rims of the auricular passages and the under rim of the 
right eye socket, but in a very few cases, where the right eye was not available, 
the left eye socket was used. 
The various measurements and the methods of making them were fully defined 
and explained by C. D. Fawcett *, so that I need only describe them very briefly 
here ; but it is necessary to mention certain points more fully where my procedure 
differed from hers. I follow the order of her paper. 
(a) Capacity. My method of measurement is described in the next section. 
(b) Flower's ophryo-occipital length (F). 
(c) Greatest length from glabella to occiput (L). 
(d) Horizontal length, measured with the blocks, on the craniophor as 
described above (L'). 
(e) Greatest horizontal breadth of skull (B). 
(/) Least breadth of forehead, from one temporal crest to the other, across 
the frontal bone {B'). 
(g) Height of skull. My attempts to measure the height in the way 
recommended by the Frankfurter Verstcindigung never seemed to me satisfactory, 
and I therefore adopted the method of Broca and the French school, taking the 
height as the distance from basion to bregma, which is the Frankfurter Hilfs- 
Hdhe. Flower and Turner both agree with Broca in measuring their height from 
basion to bregma {H). 
(h) Auricular height, the vertical height measured on the craniophor 
perpendicular to the horizontal plane in a line perpendicular to the auricular 
axis, with the vertical scale and sliding rod of the craniophor (OH), 
In many skulls, owing to the auricular passages or to the orbits being damaged 
or destroyed, the horizontal plane, and consequently the auricular height, could not 
be determined. A " Hilfs-Ohrhohe," however, was obtained in such cases where 
one or both auricular passages existed, by putting the skull on the craniophor, 
bringing the sliding rod down on the skull at a point 2—3 cms. behind the 
bregma, and reading off the height on the vertical scale. Where both auricular 
passages existed, I had only to read off the height ; but where only one passage 
remained, the skull was supported on the defective side in what was judged to be 
a horizontal position before the sliding rod was brought down. Such " Hilfs- 
Ohrhohen" are marked (h) in the Tables of measurements. 
(i) Length of skull base, from basion to nasion (LB). 
(j) Horizontal circumference, measured directly above the superciliary 
ridges and round the most projecting part of the occiput (U). 
* Loc. cit., pp. 416—418. 
