W. R. Macdonell 
201 
(k) Sagittal circumference or rather arc, from nasion over the top of 
the head to opisthion (S). 
(I) Cross circumference or transverse arc, from the upper riui of one 
auricular passage to that of the other, over the bregma (Q). 
The Verstdndigung measures it in a plane perpendicular to the horizontal 
plane, about 2 — 3 cm. behind the coronal suture, or, as Dr E. Schmidt* more 
accurately defines it, cutting the sagittal suture 2^ cm. behind the bregma ; 
Virchovvf, however, appears to have taken the measurement over the bregma, 
and Turner^ does the same. 
{m) Face height. This measui-ement could not be taken, as no skulls were 
preserved with mandibles attached. 
(h) Upper face height, from nasion to alveolar point (G'H). 
(o) Face breadth, from the lower end of one zygomatic maxillary suture to 
that of the other (GB). 
(p) Zygomatic breadth, from the outermost point of one zygomatic arch to 
that of the other (/). 
(q) Nasal height, from middle of nasion to lowest edge of the pyriform 
aperture. The lowest edge was sometimes on the right side, sometimes on the 
left (NH). 
(r) Nasal breadth — greatest breadth of the pyriform aperture (NB). 
(s) Breadth of orbit (Oi) for the left (L) and right (R) eyes; the greatest 
breadth from side to side, wherever found, measuring from inner margin to inner 
margin. 
In taking this measurement, the great difficulty is to determine on what 
point the arm of the callipers should be placed on the nasal side of the orbit§. 
I have followed what C. D. Fawcett calls the " geodesic " method, which in practice 
amounts to this: I follow the curvature of the lower oi'bital rim to its furthest 
inward point — but never cross the naso-frontal suture^ — and measure from that 
point. I found it convenient to mark the point determined upon with a pencil. 
(t) Greatest height of orbit (O^), for both eyes, taken perpendicular to Oj. 
(it) Length of palate (Gi), from the point of the spina nasalis posterior to 
an imaginary surface tangential to the inner alveolar surfaces of the middle 
incisors||. 
I have also measured this length from the base of the spine to the same 
imaginary surface (G/). 
* Anthropologischc Metlwden, p. 224. 
t See note to paragraph 16 of the Verstiindigung. 
X "Challenger" Report, Zoology, Part 29, 1884. 
§ For a discussion of this difficulty see C. D. Fawcett, loc. cit., pp. 4.30 — 431. 
II See C. D. Fawcett's remarks on various ways in which this troublesome measurement has been 
taken, loc. cit., pp. 429-430. 
Biometrika in 26 
