W. R. Macdonell 
207 
or Jewish population, which might be supposed to have existed in Whitechapel*. 
No series of continental crania appears to have comparable characters. Judging 
solely by appearance and range of abnormality — in default of any published 
measurements — Professor Pearson suggests that the present series and in a still 
more marked manner the second series referred to above are closer to the Long 
Bari'ow British than to the Round Barrow British, Romano-British, Anglo-Saxon, 
or the " mediaeval English " which are represented in our museums. The fact that 
the Whitechapel series is not unique, but repeats itself in a rather intensified form 
in crania from another London district, seems to indicate that we are not dealing 
with an isolated group, but with the typical skull of the citizen of London a century 
or two ago. If this view be correct, there is an individuality about the London, 
if not the English skull which may serve to modify considerably opinions formed 
from the isolated, and often stringently selected " English " skulls to be found 
in museums and anatomical coUections-f-. The view here suggested will, perhaps, 
be partially indicated by the skulls figured in our plates ; it will be still more 
manifest in the illustrations which will accompany the account of the second or 
Moorfields series. 
(7) Mean Values of the GJiaructers of the present Series, and their 
Comparison with tliose of allied and other Races. 
Tables I. and II. give the mean values of the principal characters, the probable 
errors of the means, and the number of skulls dealt with. 
For purposes of comparison I give the data for several allied races : 
(a) Ranke's measurements on Altbayerisch skulls from his Beitrdge zur 
physischen Anthi'opologie der Bayern, Bd. l. The means are taken from 
C. D. Fawcett's Naqada Memoir. 
(b) Wiirtemberg crania, from Die anthropologischen Sammlungen Deutschlands, 
XVI., Tubingen. 
(c) French soldiers who died in Munich during the Franco-Prussian war — 
56 crania, some rather juvenile — measurements from Die anthropologischen 
Sammlungen Deutschlands x., Miinchen. 
I owe the calculation of the means of (6) and (c) to the kindness of 
Dr Alice Lee. 
I also add the data for one unallied race, the Naqada, which of course 1 owe to 
C. D. Fawcett. 
* As we have already indicated, Whitechapel even later than the beginning of the 19th century did 
not contain a mixed population of " aliens." It vpas a suburban district close to open fields with a fairly 
well-to-do resident commercial population. The riverside and rougher population was farther south, at 
Wapping. In 1707 fields separated Whitechapel from Wapping, and the London Docks were "Garden 
Grounds." The "Commercial Koad " did not exist, and as late as 1806, when it did exist, fields run 
north and south of it in all directions. 
t It is perhaps deserving of record that a German craniologist, who happened to see our second 
series, without a hint on our part could find nothing comparable to them but " Eeihengraber Schadeln." 
