210 Variation and Correlation of the Human Skull 
Dealing first with male skulls, I will compare our series with modern English 
and allied races as regards capacity, head length, head breadth and cephalic index. 
The measurements of L and B on the living head are reduced by 11 mm., the 
estimated thickness of the covering tissues, and the capacity of the modern English 
is deduced from A. Lee's formula, Phil. Trans., Vol. 196, A, p. 252. 
TABLE III. 
Male Crania. 
C 
L 
B 
BjL 
Whitechapel English, 1st series 
1477 
189-1 
140-7 
74-3 
Moorfields English, 2nd series* 
1473 
189 
143-1 
75-7 
Modern English, 1000 upper class f ... 
[1431 ?] 
182-5 
143 
78-3 
„ „ 3000 criminals + ... 
[1378 ?] 
180-7 
139-4 
77-2 
British Association + 
[1495] 
187-1 
144-0 
77-0 
Altbayerisch 
1503 
180-6 
150-5 
83-2 
Wiirtemberger ... 
1494 
179-5 
147-9 
82-4 
French soldiers 
1473 
180 
143-4 
79-8 
From these figures it appears that a marked change has been going on in the 
shape of English skulls during the last two or three centuries; the length has been 
decreasing and the breadth increasing, leading to a more brachycephalic type. 
This change is even more marked when we compare English with modern Germans, 
and it is interesting to note that C. D. Fawcett was able to show from a comparison 
of Naqadas with Thebans and Copts that a change in the same direction has taken 
place in the development of Egyptian skullsj. 
In frontal breadth, height of skull and auricular height, English agree very 
closely with modern Wiirtembergers but are inferior to the Altbayerisch. Further, 
in modern Germans the face breadth and zygomatic breadth are greater than in 
our series, while length of skull base, upper face height, nose and height of orbit 
are very much the same in both. 
The comparatively small breadth of eye orbit in the modern races is noteworthy, 
and suggests that the measurement on the nasal side had been taken from the 
dacryon, so that comparison with our series is impossible. 
The palate measurements of Altbayerisch and Wiirtemberger differ extremely, 
but it is to be observed that if we assume that the latter were measured in 
accordance with the Frankfurt Concordat, and we deduct 4 — 5 mm. from the length 
in order to make it comparable with ours§ (the Concordat length being measured 
* From unpublished measuremeuts on a second series of skulls at University College, which will 
form the subject of another paper in Biometrika at an early date. 
t Biometrika, Vol. i. pp. 181, 188, 189. These are reconstructed from Dr Lee's formulae. The 
absence of head height in the Cambridge students and the criminals renders the predicted skull 
capacity of small weight in these cases. 
t Biometrika, Vol. i. p. 433. § Biometrika, Vol. i. p. 430. 
