W. R. Macdonell 
211 
up to the inner wall of the alveolar margin between the middle incisors, our length 
to a surface tangential to the inner alveolar surfaces of these incisors), we reduce 
the Wiirtemberger 0-^ to 47-18. On the other hand, if we assume that the 
Altbayerisch were measured by Schmidt's convention, that is, in the same way as 
ours except that he measures from the base of the spina, we must add the length 
of the spina, say 3'6 (the difference between 0^ and (x/ in our series), thus bringing 
the Altbayerisch 0-^ up to 47-90. The English and modern German palate length 
would thus be brought into fairly close agreement, but I cannot reconcile the 
extraordinary differences in palate breadths, and yet it is difficult to suppose 
that the Altbayerisch and Wiirtemberger differ so remarkably in this character. 
Having compared our series with allied races we will now proceed to compare 
them with a totally different race, the Naqadas. Dealing still with the males, we 
see that in length, breadth, and capacity the English skull is much the larger, but 
in basio-bregmatic and auricular height it is inferior to the Egyptian. Tlie greater 
height of the Naqada skull is very marked, and this has the effect of bringing the 
English and Naqada sagittal and cross circumferences quite near each other. There 
is also a very marked difference between the two races in the face ; the Naqada 
face is much broader, and the nose shorter and broader. Allowing for the method 
of measuring the breadth of the Naqada orbit*, we find that the Naqada eye was 
considerably smaller, both in height and breadth, and rounder, the orbital index 
calculated on the amended breadth of orbit being about 78-8 as against the English 
average 77-8. The great difference in palate length is partly due to the adoption 
of different systems of measurement; deducting 4-87 mm. from the Naqada meanf, 
in order to make it comparable with the English mean, we still find the Naqada 
palate considerably the longer, being ,50-93 mm. as compared with the English 
48-27 : it is also very much the wider. 
While differing in all other respects, there is a remarkable agreement between 
the English and Naqada skulls as regards the angles 6^ and d«,, and also the angles 
of the triangle formed by joining the nasion, basion, and alveolar point: that is, 
although the sides of this triangle are longer in the English skulls than in the 
Naqada, the included angles are nearly the same, or the triangles are nearly 
" similar " in the two races. I will return to this point further on. 
Turning now to female skulls, I am not aware of any measurements of modern 
French female heads available for comparison with our series ; the following table 
is therefore less complete than No. III. 
We note as in the case of the males that the skull appears to be growing 
shorter. The breadth does not here appear to have sensibly increased, but 
greater capacity has been obtained by increased auricular height. 
A comparison with modern Germans leads to results very similar to those 
which we found when comparing the males of the two races. The modern German 
skull is shorter and broader than the English ; in frontal breadth, however, the 
* Biometrika, Vol. i. p. 431. 
t Biometrika, Vol. i. p. 430. 
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