W. R. Macdonell 
215 
(d) My measurements confirm C. D. Fawcett's conclusion* that there is little 
advantage in measuring all three lengths, F, L, and L' ; in the female skulls the 
difference between them is hardly appreciable, and the indices involving L and L' 
are almost identical. In the male skulls, the difference between F and L' is within 
the limits of random sampling ; the difference between indices involving L and L', 
however, is beyond these limits. 
(8) Photographic Study of the English Skull-f. 
The present photographic study of the English skull consists of two parts. 
The first deals with the normal skull, and the second with special skulls showing 
points of anatomical or pathological interest. 
(a) Normal Crania. 
In selecting normal crania, for reproduction, we have been guided by the 
desire to show not only " modal " individuals, but individuals at some distance from 
the mode on either side. Thus W. 45 cT is a typical English skull. We have for 
example : 
Character 
C 
L 
B 
H 
OH 
V 
S 
Q 
NH 
NB 
GL 
B/L 
H/L 
NBjNH 
0,/0i 
Mean Male Skull 
1477 
189 
141 
132 
115 
524 
311 
.308 
51 
24 
96 
74 
70 
48 
78 
W. 45 
1495 
190 
141 
136 
114 
521 
382 
307 
53 
24 
'96 
74 
72 
45 
Accordingly this skull is represented in four aspects on Plates I — IVj. A 
more dolichocephalic type (BjL = 70), W. 76 cT, is represented in Plates V — VII. 
This is by no means an extreme form : it does not present the lowness (see Plate V) 
* Biometrika, Vol. i. p. 436. 
+ The photographs from which these illustrations were reproduced were taken by Professor Karl 
Pearson; it was a long and laborious piece of work, and my heartiest thanks are due to him for this 
addition to my paper. The cost of reproduction was defrayed from a grant jilaced at his disposal last 
year througli the munificence of the Drapers' Company. Professor Pearson is further responsible 
for the drawing up of this section of my memoir. But its possibility is due entirely to the kindness 
of Professor Thane, who gave up a large portion of his valuable time to a close study of the special 
points of anatomical interest in the individual crania. 
X The scales are here for N. lateralis, N. hasalis, and iV. verticalis two-thirds natural size and for 
N. facialis seven-eighths, but it was found impossible to maintain this accurately throughout the series 
as the focus must be an average focus, and the control of the engraver could not be complete. After 
some experimenting with various methods the idea of uniformity of scale was discarded in favour 
of getting the photograph with the clearest detail. In the case of the "special" skulls, the endeavour was 
made to get the special detail to be illustrated, at the expense very often of the remainder of the object 
and entirely of scale. In the case of the "normal" skulls, a uniform system of orientation has been 
attempted, based on the German horizontal plane, the auricular vertical plane, and the median plane 
of the skull. If, however, the skull supports are not to interfere with the effectiveness of the photograph, 
this orientation will not be absolutely exact. On the whole we believe that the real and invaluable 
advantage of photographic reproduction is to show the indescribable in type and abnormality ; it cannot 
be properly used to replace an elaborate system of individual measurements. 
