M. A. Lewenz and K. Pearson 
393 
on intelligence and capacity, we can only repeat Dr Lee's words, which he would have 
done well to take to heart, namely that to solve a problem of this kind it is 
absolutely needful to keep within one "fairly equally nourished class," and if 
possible within one local race. We do not minimise the difficulty of doing this, 
but until it is done no final answer can be given to the problem. Much of the 
discussion at present might be summed up in such an absurd argument as : The 
Bavarians have as a race a larger skull capacity than the French ; they are a less 
keen-witted race ; ergo : smaller skull capacity goes with intelligence. We take 
it such an argument would be quite as valid as Dr Beddoe's comparison of High- 
landers and East Anglians, or of Cornishmen of the upper and lower classes. 
(14) As to whether Dr Beddoe's reconstructed capacities have any relation 
absolutely or relatively to the true capacities of the individuals he has measured 
it is of course impossible to say. But we are in the unique position of being able 
to test his formula on the head of one of the most distinguished Englishmen not 
only of his own time, but of all time. For width of view, logical clearness, and 
intellectual grasp, there were but few Englishmen in his own day, and there have 
been few since, whom we can consider as surpassing Jeremy Bentham. Bentham 
died in June, 1832, and a few months before his death he prepared a monograph 
which was printed in a few copies only, one of which is preserved in the British 
Museum. It is entitled " Auto-Icon or the uses of the Dead to the Living ; a 
fragment from the MSS. of Jeremy Bentham." The object of this work was to 
show "how, if embalmed, every man might be his own statue*." Bentham left 
not only his manuscripts but his body to University College, then the University 
of London, and his Auto-icon is now preserved there. The head is in a mummified 
condition, but as the accompanying plates from our photographs will show, gives 
one a fair appreciation of Bentham in his old age. We still see the " venerable 
locks which floated over his collar and down his back " — in the manner of the 
great German historian — locks which convince one of the difficulty attending any 
measurements of the arcs on the living head. The flesh, if dried, is still there in 
considerable thickness, and this and the hair render the determination of the inion 
as difficult, if not more difficult than in the case of the head of the living. The 
opisthion and basion are exposed, and except for a couple of wires crossing the 
brain cavity, there is little or no matter left inside the skull ; in fact its capacity 
can be determined as accurately as that of the majority of skulls with which 
one is called upon to deal. Measurements of this head were taken by one of us. 
There was a marked projection at 65 mm. from the opisthion, which was selected 
as the inion. But to be quite sure of the matter Professor Thane was consulted, 
and he fixed on practically the same point. There was, however, a lower point at 
51 mm. from the opisthion, and between these two points a groove could be distin- 
guished. Whether these two points correspond to a superior and inferior inion it 
would not, perhaps, be possible to determine, even if the flesh were removed. 
Anatomical authority spoke strongly for the upper point as inion. We will refer 
Biometrika iii 
* Diet. Nat. Biography, sub Jeremy Bentham. 
50 
