A. R. Galloway 
9 
It would almost appear that we must look for and supply another sort of 
complementary colour — perhaps greens from cinnamon — before the cinnamon 
female is capable of producing a male with sufficient cinnamon blood to propagate 
the variety (vid. Greenfinch family in Summary of Conclusions). In the case of 
the canary it is possible that the cinnamon variety was propagated by the mating 
of original wild green cocks (Plate I, fig. 2) with the self-cinnamon female sports, 
the green males from this cross being capable, when mated with cinnamon females, 
of producing cinnamon males for the propagation of the variety*. 
IV. The Cinnamon Canary as the Foundation of Variety. 
The Cinnamon Canary as the Source of all our Varieties. As I believe this 
interesting canary — the cinnamon — to be the starting point, after the wild green 
bird, of all the present varieties of canaries, I shall give, at this stage, the grounds 
for this belief, which has been founded mainly on a study of my cinnamon wild 
birds, and of the cinnamon and other hybrids I have produced. I have satisfied 
myself that cinnamon blood, wherever found, indicates the presence of a character, 
essentially sporting or varying not only in respect to colour and type of plumage, 
but also to type generally, e.g. size and form of body. I would first draw 
attention to the following points : 
(1) Three rich coloured self- cinnamon greenfinches (e.g. Plate II, fig. 2) 
acquired last year, and kept outdoors, have this year rnoulted pale cinnamon. 
(2) One of the pale cinnamon greenfinches of last year has moulted paler still 
this year. It is now creamy white (cf the blackbird, Plate II, fig. 3), but still 
shows traces of its original rich cinnamon colour. 
We learn from this to recognise several shades and intensities of the cinnamon 
colour which occurs in wild birds ; this fact we must remember later when we 
discuss the earliest varieties of the canary. 
(3) Two cinnamon-variegated canary -greenfinch hybrids (e.g. Plate I, fig. 1) 
bred by me in 1906 and 1907, each with a small white spot on the nape, and two 
or three white tail feathers (the rest of the feathers being self-cinnamon), have 
this year largely increased the white areas of plumage — the heads, tail feathers 
and ooverts of both showing white areas which were previously cinnamon. 
(4) A self-cinnamon canary-linnet hybrid bred by me developed several white 
tail feathers at the second moult. 
(5) One of the cinnamon-variegated canary-greenfinch hybrids (Plate I, fig. 1) 
after taking second prize at Bathgate in perfect plumage, has moulted in its second 
year into a Dutch Frill hybrid (cf. Plate V, fig. 1), the body feathers, although still 
cinnamon, showing the most extraordinary twists and turns, just as if it had been 
pulled backwards through a thick hedge, as Tegetmeier says of the Frizzle Fowl, 
* C. L. W. Noorduijn (Groningen) tells me that at Ponta Delgada, the wild green canary is crossed 
with "yellow," and that cinnamon-variegated birds are thus obtained. 
Biometrika vii 2 
