62 
A Second Cooperative Study of " Vespa Vulgaris" 
(7) Comparison of Correlation between Characters in Right and Left Wings 
for the two Series. 
TABLE V. 
Correlations of Right and Left Wings in Nest and Population Queens. 
Character 
Population Queen 
Nest Queen 
Katie P. Q,.\N. Q. 
A 
•954 + -004 
•893 ±-012 
l-OI 
B 
•911 + -008 
•831 + -018 
1^10 
G 
•964+ -004 
•858 + ^01 6 
M2 
n 
•862 + -013 
•600 + -038 
1-44 
E 
•694+^026 
•428 + ^049 
1^62 
F 
•932 + 006 
•605 + ^038 
r54 
G 
•856 ± •013 
•787 ± ^023 
1^09 
Mean 
•882 
•714 
V28 
If we apply our selection formulae to these 
■882, deduce the true value of /x. We have 
we must, since is large, 
Sr/o"i" = i about = 
or, calling 1 — yu,- = 
of which the required root is v ■■ 
correlation formula 
= 4(1 - «)- 4?-j,,-«(l - v), 
2- 4z;(l +?■,,/)+ 8 =0, 
-1-8284?; + -7713 -0, 
■6603, giving /a = ■5828. Substituting this in the 
we deduce 
R,„ = r,,/l-4'3. 
The average correlation ratio 1'43 tlius provided is somewhat greater than the 
observed average value, 1"28. It is, however, greater than four and less than three 
of the individual values, and it is quite possible that if the process had been applied 
to each individual character, a closer mean result would have been obtained than 
by using the mean correlation, •882. The general agreement is suflficient to show 
the reduction of correlation found as we pass from general population to nest 
population is just of the sort of order which the reduction in variability would 
lead us to anticipate. It is clear, therefore, that the correlation reductions are 
really what we might expect on the assumption that the nest is a selection from 
the general population. The outstanding point is the extreme redaction in 
variability which marks this selection. 
It is worth noting that the lowest correlations are those that concern homologous 
breadth measurements on the wings. The highest correlations are those which 
