ANATOMY OF THE ELEPHANTS EAR. 
15 
separated articulation show quite well, as do also the 
short and long processes of the anvil, the cup-shaped head 
of the stirrup (from which the latter process has become 
disarticulated), and the tendon of the stapedius running 
from the stirrup head in a direction upwards and 
backwards. Part of the exposed neck of the hammer is 
also well shown, while the pushing outwards of the mem- 
brana tympani near its upper border by the short process 
of the hammer, and the shallow cup-shaped, or, rather, 
saucer-like, dragging inwards of the membrane by the tip 
of the hammer handle, can also indistinctly be made out. 
What in man would be the posterior crus of the stapes is 
in the elephant the superior crus. It can be dimly seen in 
the picture as it runs upwards and inwards (Y. e., away 
from the spectator) from the head of the bone, its direction, 
as shown in the picture, forming an angle of about thirty 
degrees with that followed by the stapedius tendon. Some 
account of the ossicles and of the closed chamber in which 
they lie has been given already by Dr. Buck. Except as 
regards the stapes and the stapedius tendon, I have been able 
to add but little to this account besides the presentation of 
this illustration in the present paper. A separation of the 
outer wall and of the hammer and anvil from the inner 
wall of the tympanum and from the now detached head of 
the stirrup will doubtless give a clearer view of the form, 
relations, and connections of the ossicles ; but the result of 
such an examination, and also of further investigation of 
the labyrinthine structures in the petrous part of the peri- 
otic, must be deferred until the issue of still another 
paper. 
Before turning to a consideration of the next illustration, 
Fig. 3, I desire to say a word regarding the large cells 
existing within the mastoid prominence. Three of the 
largest of these cells are seen in that part of the specimen 
shown in this picture, but they appear only by their inner or 
