THE ANCESTRY OF DOMESTICATED CATTLE. 
229 
into consideration. A half century ago the cattle in Great Britain 
were divided into shorthorns, middlehorns, and longhorns. To-day, 
English and American writers arrange them according to their eco- 
nomic value as beef breeds, dairy breeds, and general-purpose cattle, 
while the Germans make physiographical factors an important con- 
sideration, as Krafft, who made seven divisions, namely, steppe, low- 
land, solid-colored mountain, spotted valley, upland, English, and 
French breeds. Wagner (1837) was the first to rely upon osteological 
characters. His two classes were arranged according to the curva- 
ture of the vertebral column: (1) Taurus liyfselurus — cauda altis- 
sima posita^ and (2) Taurus frisius — cauda profunda posito — a 
questionable division. 
Sanson, following the methods of the anthropologists, divided cat- 
tle into two groups, the dolichocephalic or long-headed, and the 
brachycephalic or broad-headed. These two groups he subdivided 
again, making four subspecies or races. These were: (1) Bos taurus 
ligeriensis^ (2) Bos taurus jurassicus^ (3) Bos taurus hatavicus, and 
(4) Bos taunis alpinus; the first two being brachycephalic and the 
two latter dolichocephalic. 
1. Ligeriensis is found to-day from the mouth of the Loire to that 
of the Gironde, and in characteristics this race resembles jrrimigenius, 
2. Jurassicus includes trochoceros of Meyer and frontosus of 
Nilsson. Its representatives are found in the cattle of Berne and 
Freiburg, and the breeds in France known as Bressane, Comtoire, 
Femeline, and Charolais. 
3. Batavicus is equivalent to longif rons of northern Europe. 
4. Alpinus is the longifrons of Switzerland, now generally known 
as the Brown Swiss breed. What Wilckens calls hrachycephalus, 
Sanson would probably consider a cross between jurassicus and 
hatavicus. 
Riitimeyer (1862) was the first to propose a classification based 
essentially upon zoological characteristics alone, but would include 
geographical, historical, and geological evidence. It may be called 
a paleontological classification. His system has been followed more 
or less closely by all later German authors. He made three races. 
1. The primigenius race, which included Holland, Friesland, Olden- 
burg, Roman, and Podolian breeds, and the white Park cattle of 
Great Britain. 
2. The brachyceros race, which included the Brown Swiss cattle 
of Switzerland, Uri Wallis, Oberbasle, and Graubiinden, and the 
cattle of Algeria. 
3. The frontosus race, which included the spotted cattle of Sim- 
menthal and Saanenthal and the hornless cattle in the mountains of 
Norway. 
