230 
27th report, bureau of animal industry. 
The Freiburg breed he considered a cross between the last two 
races. 
Werner (1902) and Wilckens make four groups, pHmigenius, 
fi'ontosns^ hrachyceros {longif rons) . and hrachycephalus. Miiller 
(1900) adds a fifth to the four above mentioned and calls it the 
Highland breed. 
Keller's classification (1902 and 1905) is as follows: 
1. Bos primigenius, whose home is in Europe, includes the English 
Park cattle, the Xorth German. Lowland. Dutch. Steppe, Simmen- 
thaler, and Freiburg spotted breeds. 
2. Bos sondaicus^ whose original home was in Java, includes the 
Asiatic and African zebu, Old Egyptian Longhorn, Algerian, marsh 
cow of the lake dwellers, Albanian, Sardinian, Spanish, Polish, 
Channel Islands, Hornless Fjell, and Brown Swiss breeds. 
Adametz (1898) recognizes two main types of domesticated cat- 
tle. From the first, which he calls Bos taurus pnmigen'ius. and 
whose ancestor was Bos primigenius, he finds four races: (1) Steppe 
cattle; (2) primigenius mountain cattle, as the breed of Auvergne; 
(3) primigenius lowland, pure as in Xormandy, less pure in the Hol- 
land, Oldenburg, and East Friesland red breeds; (4) Swiss spotted 
or Alpine breeds with a broad forehead (frontosus). 
His second type is Bos taurus europeus, with Bos hrachyceros 
{longifrons) as the ancestor, represented in five modern races. The 
first race is typical of the ancestor, and is represented by old marsh 
cow, the Jersey. Brittany, Illyrian, Albanian, and other similar 
breeds. The second race is polled ; examples are found in Scotland, 
Sweden. Lapland, and Russia. The third race is of longifrons type, 
though having become somewhat larger through care and a favorable 
climate. Brown Swiss is a typical example. The fourth race is rep- 
resented by Tuxer and Zillerthaler, which are pug-nosed variations of 
longifrons. The fifth race, which he calls pseudo-primigenius. is a 
result of crossing other types, and is represented by Ayrshire. TTest 
Highland, and English Park cattle. 
The most ambitious attempt to classif}^ and describe all varieties 
of cattle is that in Werner's " Rinderzucht," to which the reader is 
referred for details, it being too long to be given here. 
Lydekker (1901) classifies British cattle according to color, mak- 
ing three groups, as follows : 
1. Pembroke and Park cattle, either black or white ; the black being 
descendants of forest-dwelling animals, and the white, sports. 
2. Spanish and Channel Island cattle, that vary from black to 
fawn, both primitive colors. 
3. Shorthorn. Devon, Hereford, in which black is lost, and being 
the most marked departure from the primitive types. 
