THE ANCESTRY OF DOMESTICATED CATTLE. 
225 
heavy-milking Charolais breed, white in color, is presumably a mod- 
ern type of Bos frontosus. The Nivernais, a subbreed, is probably a 
cross between the English Shorthorn and the Charolais. The Fla- 
mande breed in northeastern France, whose origin is similar to that 
of the Dutch cattle, is divided into a great many subbreeds, some of 
which are famous for milk production. 
The Limousine breed, of Celtic shorthorn type, is one of the best 
beef breeds of France, although not so large as many others. Breeds 
of southwestern France resemble the Iberian breeds, and those of the 
southeastern part are more like the Swiss cattle. 
Besides the native breeds there have been many importations of 
Shorthorns into northern France, as well as some Jerseys and Hol- 
steins. (For detailed descriptions of French breeds see Werner, De 
Lapparent, and United States Consular Eeports.) 
GREAT BRITAIN. 
Abundant remains of Bison pi'iscus and Bos primigenius appear in 
Pleistocene strata in Great Britain. Both continued to live there for 
a long time. The bison disappeared first, while primigenius contin- 
ued through the Neolithic period and possibly in the mountain fast- 
nesses until within historic times. 
But a short time elapsed between the last of the lake dwellers in 
Switzerland and Caesar's entrance into Great Britain, which was then 
in the pastoral stage, but during the Roman occupation the inhabit- 
ants began to pay more attention to the cultivation of plants. 
Csesar found large herds of domesticated cattle, but they were evi- 
dently of the longif rons type, which was abundant during the Bronze 
age. The remains reveal a small breed about the size of the Irish 
Kerry. The small horns were sharply curved forward. Excavations 
show that since that time the native breed was gradually modified 
and increased in size with an outward and upward curve of horns. 
Hughes (1894 and 1896) says these changes could not come about by 
a cross with primigenius breeds. 
Sculptures, coins, and mural paintings of Roman cattle are repre- 
sented with upturned horns much like some Italian breeds of to-day. 
Other Italian breeds have horns growing outward. Reasoning from 
these premises, Hughes thinks that cattle were carried from Italy to 
England during the Roman occupation and crossed with the native 
longifrons. The semiwdld cattle now roaming in the parks of Great 
Britain resemble the Sicilian and ancient Roman breeds. As Roman 
cattle were also one variety of longifrons^ it would appear that the 
early breeds of Britain were exclusively of the longifrons type. The 
only alternative is the question as to whether or npt longifrotis is 
itself a stunted form of primigenius. 
