THE ANCESTRY OF DOMESTICATED CATTLE. 
223 
nificance. Two hundred years later another German tribe, the Bata- 
vians, came down the Rhine from Hesse and settled near the Friesians, 
where they drained marshy lands and islands, built dikes, and had 
numerous herds of large, longhorned black cattle of the primigenius 
type, which in all probability they had brought from their former 
home. Since that time cattle-keeping has been the chief occupation 
of these people when not engaged in defending themselves against the 
onslaughts of the Normans, Jutes, Angles, and other quarrelsome 
neighbors. 
Referring to a more recent period, Motley, the historian, says : 
On that scmi) of solid ground rescued by human energy from the ocean were 
the most fertile pastures in the world ; an ox often weighed 2,000 pounds, the 
cows produced two and three calves at a time, and the sheep four and five lambs. 
In a single village 4,000 kine were counted. Butter and cheese were exported 
to the annual value of $1,000,000, salted provisions to an incredible extent. 
The farmers were industrious, thriving, and independent. 
So fertile were the lands in this region that during the twelfth 
and thirteenth centuries a tide of emigration set in that direction 
from neighboring lands less fitted for the grazing and rearing 
of cattle. The first cattle market in that vicinity was at Hoorn, 
which was established as early as 1311 A. D. Bakker's recent study 
of the origin of the cattle in Holland leads to the conclusion that the 
original color was red and that the black color came from Jutland 
cattle imported in the latter part of the eighteenth century. 
As a good cattle land Holstein is of somewhat later date than the 
Netherlands. Many colonists went from Friesland, Holland, and 
Westphalia and settled in Holstein, taking cattle along with them 
(Hengeweld). By far the larger number of cattle in this region are 
black-and-white in color, large in size, and noted for giving large 
quantities of milk. Those in Holland may be considered the most 
typical of the breed. Many subbreeds, some of them red in color, 
have been derived from the principal type and are designated by 
some local geographical name. It is a. misnomer to call the breed 
Holstein, which is only a subbreed, or even Holstein-Friesian, a 
name adopted by the breeders of these cattle in the United States. 
The native farmers use the term " Dutch " to designate the cattle, 
which is more appropriate ; as also the " Nederlandish," and " Hol- 
landaise," used respectively by the Germans and French. 
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries large numbers of 
Netherlands cattle were imported to the British Isles, most of them 
going to the district of Holderness and the fertile district of the 
Tees. Peter the Great imported some to Russia and crossed them 
with natives, and from the cross has resulted the Cholmogorian 
breed. In the last two decades of the nineteenth century large num- 
bers of Dutch cattle were imported to the United States. 
