THE ANCESTRY OF DOMESTICATED CATTLE. 221 
cattle were also in north Africa, Corsica, Sardinia, and France. Mod- 
ern representatives are in Spain to-day. They gradually spread to 
the east and deviated from the common type. According to Werner 
the Celts brought primigenius breeds to Iberia and crossed them 
with the native stock, giving rise to the breeds now known as Brit- 
tany of France, Kerry of Ireland, the Welsh Black, Devon, Here- 
ford, and Longhorn of Great Britain, the Duxer and Pinzgauer of 
southern Germany, and the Piedmont breeds of northern Italy. 
Kramer (1899) thinks that the Celts did not take their cattle with 
them as they migrated. It is quite certain that the Celtic breeds 
had little effect in changing the Iberian native stock. 
SWITZERLAND. 
Werner states that the aboriginal Swiss cattle were black with 
white spots, now represented by the short-headed Vogesen and the 
Freibourg black spotted, but that the latter has lost the short-headed 
character in crossing. 
When the Burgundians settled in west Switzerland in 443 A. D., 
a new breed of the frontosus type was introduced to Switzerland. 
According to Ptolemy and Pliny the Burgundians previously lived 
near the Eivers Vistula and Spree. Some later evidence points to 
south Sweden as their home. In the Icelandic Edda (written prob- 
ably about the twelfth century) the island of " Bornholm " is called 
" Borgundarholm." 
It is well to note that frontosus was first found in south Sweden. 
A study of this type may furnish some decisive evidence as to the 
original home of the Burgundians. The cattle in the mountains of 
Switzerland still retain the longifrons characteristics, and the im- 
proved breeds, like the well-known Brown Swiss, are a result of 
careful selection ever since the pileworkers lived in that vicinity. 
(For a history of this breed, see Ringholz, 1908.) 
RUSSIA. 
Herodotus writes of the polled cattle of the Scythians, in what is 
now southern Eussia, about 500 B. C. Werner says that these 
Scythians had a breed of brown cattle with long horns, and hornless 
zebus, as well as crosses between the two. Middendorf finds small 
hornless breeds in the woods of southern Russia which correspond 
to the Scythian cattle of Herodotus, and also says that the polled 
primigenius breeds of northern Russia came from this Scj^thian 
stock. In Finland and northern Russia the cattle are small but of 
primigenius type. The Cholmogory breed of northern Russia was a 
cross of the native cattle with improved breeds from Holland. 
