220 27th report, bureau of animal industry. 
and at one time offered up 300 white bulls as a sacrifice. At another 
time he escaped from a snare laid by Fabius Maximus by tying torches 
to oxen at night and driving them up the slope of the mountains. The 
Romans, thinking that the Carthaginians were escaping, started to 
head them off, but were met by an array of wild oxen. Hannibal 
easily escaped through a defile which was then left unguarded. 
Cattle breeding in Italy was influenced by breeding stock which 
was carried from Epirus in Greece to Lucania. Keller (1902) says 
that these were of primigenius type, whereas Kramer (1899) does 
not see primigenius represented by any Roman artist. 
In northern Italy and Switzerland the larger breeds were spoken 
of as Celtic cattle. Kramer (1899) thinks the Celts did not bring 
their cattle with them. ^Alien Csesar defeated the Helvetians in the 
battle of Bibrachte all of their property was destroyed. After that 
these brachycephalus types, which were the result of breeding and 
which the Celts did not know, were taken by the Romans into Swit- 
zerland. Like the Roman goat, this type of cattle was carried in two 
directions, one to the valley of Wallis in west Switzerland and the 
other to the Duxer and Ziller Valleys in the east. In excavating for 
a railroad from Lyons to Vaugneray in 1885 many bones of cattle 
were found among the remains of the Roman village of Lugdunsian, 
which were of the longifrons type (Cornevin, 1885; Mortillet, 1890). 
In the Celtic deposits of Liggenthal only longifi^ons and pi'imigenius 
are found. Roman cattle were also taken to England, as we shall 
see later. 
GAUL. 
In very ancient times, along the continental shores of the English 
channel (northwestern France and the Netherlands), the people had 
cattle of the longifrons type. Farther east the people then living be- 
tween the Danube and the Alps possessed large and strong cattle that 
must have been of the primigenius type. The color of these cattle 
was red with white markings. AYe may consider this breed as the 
progenitor of the modern breed of Salers, France. In the meantime 
the original breed had been crossed with Bos brachycephalus, and the 
resulting cross was known as the " Celtic red." 
About the middle of the fourth century the Salie Franks entered 
Gaul and after much fighting settled in the northeastern part, bring- 
ing their large cattle with them. Thus the native longifrons was 
supplanted by the westward march of primigenius. Before the close 
of the next century the remainder of Gaul had been conquered, 
though but few cattle were introduced (Werner). 
IBERIA. 
Before the Aryan invasion the people of the Iberian peninsula 
(Spain and Portugal) had a variety of hrachycephalus cattle. These 
