218 27th keport, bureau of animal industry. 
At Lattrigen, on the southern shore of Bieler Lake, are found what 
appear to be transitional forms between Bos trochoceros and Bos 
frontosus. Troltsch (1902) regards the domesticated primigenius 
forms as steppe cattle which came from Asia to Europe about 3000 
B. C. 
Riitimeyer (1862) divides the fauna found in the pilework into 
two periods. In the first, or age of primitive domesticated races, ani- 
mal food was mostly obtained by hunting and fishing. The domes- 
ticated animals were the dog, sheep, goat, and two races of cattle, 
Bos primigenius and Bos longifrons. This period corresponds with 
the Stone ages of antiquarians. Remains at Wangen and Moosedorf , 
where there are no tame swine, represent the beginning, and those at 
Concise the end of the period. 
The second period is the age of multiple races of the different 
animals and begins with the use of metals. Among the new races 
are the frontosus race of cattle, a larger dog, and a large and a small 
variety of hog. The period gradually changes to the present, which 
we may call the age of cultivated races. 
THE BRONZE AGE. 
At about the beginning of the Bronze age man was slowly ad- 
vancing from barbarism to semicivilization. The number of domes- 
ticated plants and animals increased. In central Europe the lake 
dwellers were at the height of their development. Cattle breeding 
at this time held an important place in their industrial life. (Miiller, 
1897.) The cattle were smaller than the typical Bos longifrons^ 
which Riitimeyer says may have been reduced in size by inbreeding. 
In some places, as at Morigen, sheep breeding was largely replacing 
cattle breeding. At this time the horse was domesticated, and before 
the end of the Bronze age the fowl from India was introduced 
(Troltsch). Recent excavations have uncovered works of art in the 
palace at Knossos, on the island of Crete, in which Bos primigenius 
is depicted as domesticated and used in bullfighting in pre-Myce- 
nsean times. The Mycenaean age of Greece (about 1500 B. C.) was 
contemporary with the last of the lake dwellings. 
ORIGIN OF THE CATTLE OF MODERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. 
GREECE. 
Neither the rocks of Arcadia, the swamps of Laconia and Acarn- 
ania, nor the droughts of Attica prevented the Greeks from success- 
ful tillage in the fertile spots of their mountainous peninsula. In 
Thessaly and Messenia the soil was fertile, and wheat, barley, wine, 
and oil were the chief agricultural products. Most of the pas- 
