216 
27TH KEPOKT, BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY. 
ments of the fourth dynasty, which, with the exception of the hump, 
resembles very much modern steppe breeds of eastern Europe. 
At the beginning of the fourth dynasty, about 3000 B. C, the 
Eg^^ptians had domesticated the cow, ass, goat, dog, pig, goose, and 
antelope (Troltsch). The horse was introduced during the time of 
the shepherd kings. Sheep, camels, buffaloes, cats, hens, and ducks 
were later additions. After sheep became common, antelopes and 
gazelles went out of favor. 
CARTHAGINIAN AGRICULTURE. 
Notwithstanding that Cicero says the weakness and downfall of 
Carthage was due to the neglect of arms and agriculture for trade 
and commerce, there is little doubt that during the height of pros- 
perity agriculture was in good repute, as is witnessed by the writings 
of Mago and Hamilcar. When Carthage was sacked by the Romans 
but few books were preserved except those on agriculture. The coun- 
sels of Mago for the breaking of oxen to the plow have yet to be 
improved upon. His writings were the source of much of the infor- 
mation of most Roman writers on agricultural subjects. Most of the 
cattle of the Carthaginians were derived from the breeds of Egypt. 
CATTLE OF PREHISTORIC EUROPE. 
THE OLD STONE AGE. 
The length of the European Palaeolithic period, or stage of civili- 
zation in which cut-stone implements were used, can not be estimated 
with any accuracy. It occurred just before the last glacial epoch, 
and Mortillet estimates that it lasted many thousand 3^ears, while 
Baranski (1896) says it extended only from 4000 to 1000 B. C, and 
Miiller (1897) thinks it ended in Denmark about 700 B. C. Un- 
doubtedly it ended at a much later period in northern than in south- 
ern Europe. Man at that time was a hunter and fisherman, and had 
no domesticated animals until toward the close of the epoch. The 
Indo-Germanic invasion occurred, if at all, at about this time. 
The Palaeolithic shell heaps along the coast of the Cattegat con- 
tain bones of Bos primigenius and the European bison, which lived 
there wild at that time, at least 3000 B. C There are some traces 
of a smaller ox, but no domesticated ox for certainty. 
THE NEW STONE AGE. 
At the beginning of the Neolithic or polished-stone period the 
change from savagery to barbarism was made. During this period 
it is the common belief that there was an invasion of Europe by peo- 
ple from Asia, who brought with them a few domesticated animals. 
