214 27th report, bureau of A*sriMAL IXDUSTRY. 
Summing up the most important of these heterogenous opinions, 
we find that Cu^ier, AVerner, Middendorf, and Xehring believe in a 
monophyletic origin of European cattle, that Bos frimigenius was 
the onl}^ ancestor and its home in Europe. Adametz and Diirst 
believe in a diphyletic origin, the ancestors being primigenius and 
longifrons and the homes of both in Asia ; while Eiitimeyer, Frant- 
zius, Pagenstecker, AVilckens, Keller, and Ewart, though believing in 
a diphyletic or polyphyletic origin, think that at least the home of 
longifrons was in Africa or Asia. 
II. EARLY HISTORY OF CATTLE BREEDING, AND CLASSIFICATION OF 
MODERN BREEDS. 
THE CATTLE OF THE ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS OF ASIA. 
Recent explorations in Turkestan have thrown considerable light 
on the oldest civilization of which we have an}^ record. In deposits 
of the oldest layers of Anau remains have been fomid of a wild 
species of ox, which is undoubtedly Bos namadicus^ and for the 
present at least can be considered as the Asiatic form of Bos primi- 
genius. The animal was wild. (1) because it was much larger than 
all the later domesticated bovine animals; (2) because the bones are 
heavier and harder than those of domesticated bovids; (3) because 
the bones of other species in the same layer belong undoubtedly to 
wild animals; and (4) because remains of this large animal are 
absent in the upper layers of the deposit. In the later deposits, about 
8000 B. C., a domesticated longhorned ox appeared, which Diirst re- 
gards as a domesticated form of namadicns, identical with Bos taurus 
macroceros of Eg}^pt, which was spread at a still later period by 
tribal migrations. Remains of a small-homed domesticated species 
occur as a more modern type and possibly may be a stunted form of 
macroceros^ unless possibly a smaller bovid ma}^ have reached Anau 
with the other imported domesticated animals. Somewhat later a 
similar change from the large form to a small form took place in 
Mesopotamia and also in Europe, but whether it was a dwarfing of 
the larger species or the introduction of a new species is still an 
unanswerable question. 
The ancient inhabitants of Persia, Bab^donia, and Assyria also 
hunted a wild bovid, Bubalus palmndicus Falconer, or a more recent 
form of that Pleistocene species Buhalus amee Kerr, the Indian 
buffalo, vvhich is depicted on the cylinder seals of Assyrian kings. 
Large numbers of these animals were killed by the Assyrian King 
Ashurnasiri^al on the hunting grounds near the Euphrates. Aristotle 
also mentions the occurrence of the buffalo with horns curved back 
to the neck in the Persian Province of Kohkand. 
