THE ANCESTRY OP DOMESTICATED CATTLE. 
213 
are larger and possibly have been crossed with European blood. In 
Nubia the cattle are similar to the Algerian race. Carvings on monu- 
ments show that cattle of ancient Egypt likewise were of the same 
stock. The problem of breeds is complicated in Africa because 
buffaloes and cattle of other sections have replaced those so frequently 
lost in epizootics. 
The cattle of Abyssinia, known as the " galla," or " sanga," have 
humps and large horns, but vary much as they have a very wide dis- 
tribution. The Wahumi or Watussi cattle have horns measuring 
sometimes 118 centimeters in length and with a capacity of 11 liters 
(Adametz, 1894). They are also modern representatives of the old 
Egyptian longhorn of the monuments. Later modifications have 
given the Bechuana, Transvaal, and Madagascar races. Thus in 
Africa from south to north there is a constant approach to longi- 
frons. The northern branch is shorthorned and humpless, but of 
ancient lineage, and according to Keller came from Asia in pre- 
historic times. Its progenitor was a domesticated banting, and col- 
lateral relatives are the little marsh cow of the lake dwellers and 
the Brown Swiss cattle of modern times. Adametz (1898) says 
an African origin of Bos longifrons is impossible. The branches of 
the Aryan race which have moved the least from this primitive dwell- 
ing place (lake dwellings) — the Lithuanians, North Slavs, and Al- 
banians — have cattle to-day which are like those of the lake dwellers. 
It is probable that these people have the oldest domesticated animals 
of European origin. The skulls of the marsh cow and those of cattle 
of some breeds in the Balkan peninsula to-day can hardly be dis- 
tinguished from one another. 
Diirst, from a study of figures and inscriptions on stones, con- 
cludes that Bos longifrons of the lake dwellers came from Asia in 
very early times and was domesticated long before Babylonian cul- 
ture, also that Egyptian breeds came from Asia in prehistoric times. 
These ancient cattle by their known variability through thousands 
of years of breeding had three modifications : Bos macroceros^ which 
includes the longhorned breeds of Africa, Spain, Portugal, and 
Brazil; Bos hrachyceros (longifrons), which includes all other 
horned breeds of Europe; and Bos akeratos, the polled breeds, which 
he thinks may have come from macroceros and hmchgceros. 
Kaltenegger (1894), concerning the variations found in the Tyrol, 
says that the white race, which predominates in the region of Dr. 
Toldt's brachycephalus division of the people who migrated there, 
are identical with the white cattle of Italy, southeastern Euroj^e, and 
western Asia, while the black cattle of the Tyrol are related to the 
cattle of southwestern Europe and northern Africa. ITon^ce the 
white cattle of the Tyrol are of Asiatic origin and the black cattle 
of the same region came originally from Africa. 
