208 
27th keport, bureau of animal industry. 
headedness is only the beginning of the pug form ah-eady mentioned 
under fj-'ontosus. Wilckens admits this influence of culture, but it 
so happens that many breeds of this type occur in regions where 
there has been less improvement in breeding than Avhere other types 
are found. 
Keller (1902) and Kramer (1899) say that hrachycephalKS appea^rs 
first in Italy and is a product of culture from other forms. From 
Italy it Avas carried to Switzerland during the Roman occupa- 
tion. Kaltenegger shows the afl^ities of the "Wallisian breeds to 
those of the Iberian peninsula and to the old Eg^^ptian representa- 
tions, and suggests that the origin of the Alpine short-headed cattle 
is from one of these 
sources. 
The measurements 
of Werner indicate a 
close relationship be- 
tween the Iberian 
and the humped cat- 
tle of Africa. The 
Alpine short heads 
differ from the 
humped cattle only 
in the relative height 
at the withers and 
length of horn. Both 
this excessive length 
of horn and height 
at the withers are 
easily bred off when 
crossed Avith other 
cattle. Bos primi- 
genkis has been found fossil in Algeria, and it is a reasonable suppo- 
sition that the humped cattle Avere crossed Avith primigeniiis and that 
the progeny passed OA^er to Spain and thence to Switzerland. 
If, hoAvever, the fossils found by Wilckens are as old as he believed 
and are not fragments of frontosvs (Riitimeyer, 1878) his idea of a 
distinct short-headed race of ancient lineage is not so easil}" disposed 
of. In the meantime Ave may patiently wait for future discoveries 
to fill in the vacancy betAveen the paleolithic and modern short- 
headed kine. 
Bos -^:gyptiacus and Bos macroceros. 
The first of these names has been proposed by Lydekker to desig- 
nate the ancient Egyptian cattle as typified by Lortet in the archiA^es 
of the Lyons museum for 1903, and is a synonym of Bos africanus 
Fig. 16. — Skull of Dos hrachycephalus. (From Wilckens.) 
