THE ANCESTRY OF DOMESTICATED CATTLE. 
207 
tion and is the ancestor of the marsh cow of northern and eastern 
Europe and of the Polish breeds of to-day, while Bos longifrons of 
the Swiss lake dwellers came from another variation of jjrimigenius. 
He thus finds a European ancestor for one variety of marsh cow and 
designates it Bos hrachyceros europoeus. Future discoveries may 
prove Adametz to be right in his conjectures, but the finding of a 
fragment of one skull is not sufficient evidence to settle beyond all 
reasonable doubt the question at issue. 
Bos TAURUS PRiMiGENius Variety minor. 
Wollemann (1891) found a skull of a domesticated Bos^ which 
was about the size of longifrons^ but in form resembled primigenius, 
and so gave it the name as given above. There have also been many 
fragments of bone found in company with the marsh cow among the 
remains of the lake dwellers which Studer thinks should be placed 
under primigenius. 
Bos TAURUS BRACHYCEPHALUS WUckcm. 
From a study of Alpine breeds in East Tyrol, Wilckens finds a 
variety of domesticated cattle of which the Duxerthaler breed is a 
pure type. This type also occurs in the Canton of Wallis. The 
head is short, the forehead broader than long, and the horn is on a 
short pedestal. Afterwards he found parts of skeletons in the pile- 
works of the Laiback moors, which date back to the Old Stone period. 
To this type he has given the name of hmchycephalus^ or short- 
headed race. 
The bones are quite different from those of the ur, and, furthermore, 
the remains of ur seldom occur at Laiback. The remains of bison 
and of these short-headed cattle occur frequently together. The 
skulls of bison resemble somew^hat these short-headed cattle, and the 
skulls of calves of the modern short-headed breeds bear a still closer 
resemblance. This is in accord w^ith the view that the individual 
recapitulates the history of the race, and that ancestral traits may 
often be seen in the embryo even when absent in the adult. Bison 
were very abundant in early times in that region, as shown by the 
numerous remains as well as by the geographical names, such as 
Wiesenthal," " Wiesendorf ," and " Piesendorf which are derived 
from the word "Wisent'' (German for "bison'*). Therefore, 
Wilckens thinks that the short-headed cattle of the Alps are of Euro- 
pean origin and were brought there by the Celts and crossed with 
bison, giving rise to this variety, Bos hrachycephalus. 
For these extreme views Wilckens has been attacked from all sides. 
Riitimeyer thought that hrachycephalus was not a distinct type of 
equal value with primigenius and longifrons^ and that the short- 
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