206 27th report, bureau of animal industry. 
(c) Horns and poll ridge: There is a correlation between the two. 
If the horns are large the poll ridge or crest is flat or even hollow. 
When the horns are small, the crest is more or less elevated. This 
is true of the zebu and the yak as well as of cattle. Shorthorned 
breeds have a crest of medium size when contrasted with longhorned 
and polled breeds. The size of the horns depends upon food, care, 
and many other factors. 
(d) Skull: A hollow forehead between the eyes and a shortened 
nose on longifroiis agrees with modifications which may be brought 
about by environmental changes. This is illustrated in the Fran- 
queiros and Niata cattle of South America. 
Wilckens (1880) says that the lake dwellers would not have tamed 
primigenius when they already possessed the marsh cow; further- 
more, that primigenius could not have been changed into so small 
an animal as the marsh cow. The marsh cow, not being found wild, 
must have been brought there after domestication in Asia. The only 
alternative is to derive the marsh cow from Bihos. The zebu is 
the nearest to Bihos of any of the taurus group and is not found 
Avild except Avhen it has escaped from domestication. 
Wilckens divides cattle into dolicocephalic and brachycephalic, and 
thinks that the long-headed European cattle which form the greater 
number came from Africa, but as they are not wild there, had 
wandered thereto from Asia. The short-headed cattle are natives of 
Europe and descendants of Bos etruscus^ which, according to Riiti- 
meyer, is the common ancestor of Bibovina. 
The recent studies of Ewart (1911) indicate that longifrons is 
more intimately related to the zebu than the w^ild urus. 
In the first edition of " Einderzucht," published in 1890, Werner 
(p. 32) says that blood from the Bibovine group can affect only a 
few breeds in southeastern Europe, a statement which he has omitted 
from an edition published in 1902. 
Adametz (1898) w^as formerly of the opinion that Bos longifrons 
had its origin outside of Europe, until he saw the fragment of a 
skull in the museum at Krakow, which, he thinks, throws some light 
on the subject. The bone in question was found in West Galicia, at 
a depth of 12 feet, in diluvial strata, as was primigenius. It evi- 
dently belonged to a mature individual of the female sex, and, ac- 
cording to the rules of Riitimeyer (1862), was of wild stock. Ada- 
metz thinks it more like modern European longifrons races than 
primigenius. An important point is that the relative distance from 
the base of one horn to the other is larger in modern longif rons races, 
also in the ancient marsh cow and in his specimen, than in primi- 
genius. Adametz concludes that here he has a variety of primigenius 
which probably arose as a spontaneous variation before domestica- 
