THE ANCESTRY OF DOMESTICATED CATTLE. 
203 
of correlation. The differences between a skull of frontosus and one 
of primigenius are similar to those between a calf's skull at birth 
and the skull of the same animal at maturity. Why, then, may not 
the change to the frontosus type have been brought about by an 
earlier maturity which would naturally folloAv under the care of 
man? 
Frantzius (1878) thought that frontosus originated in Africa, 
while Arenander says it was a sport from longifrons and is the an- 
cestor of primigenius. It is more likely that frontosus is the product 
of culture during the 
polished-stone period, 
with primigenius as 
the ancestor and not 
the descendant. Riiti- 
meyer, Studer, David, 
and others maintain 
that the bones found 
in the Stone age at 
Moosedorf and the 
;Bronze age at Con- 
.cise, Chevroux, and 
La Tene are those of 
frontosus^ while Kel- 
ler (1902) and others 
deny that frontosus 
lived in Switzerland 
in prehistoric times. 
The Simmentlial and 
other spotted breeds 
(Fleckvieh) now in 
Switzerland and 
southern Germany are 
of the frontosus type, 
but Werner says these breeds were carried there by the Burgundians 
who settled in west Switzerland about 443 A. D., and who brought 
cattle from their original home in south Sweden. Kramer (1899) 
is of the same opinion, because neither trochoceros nor frontosus 
were in Vindonnissa nor Aquae Sextia? during Celtic or Roman times. 
Although we find a variety of opinions as to the origin of frontosus, 
the reasoning of Riitimeyer, that it was a domesticated form of 
primigenius.) seems the most probable. 
Bos LONGIFRONS. 
Bos longifrons., incorrectly^ called hrachxjceros by some German 
zoologists, is another species or subspecies closely^ related to primi- 
genius. (See fig. 15.) Bos longifrons is the Celtic Shorthorn found 
'mm 
\ J 
-1 
Fig. 15. — Skull of Bos lomjifrons. (From Riitimeyer.) 
