THE ANCESTRY OF DOMESTICATED CATTLE. 
201 
tains no pictures of either urus or bison. The editions of 1551 and 
1556 contain pictures of both. An edition of 1557, published V)y 
Johannes Steelsius, says that the forest cattle {Boven HylveHtris) 
differ from domestic only in being black with a white stripe ah)ng 
the back. An edition of 1557, by Wolfgang Lazius, contains no i)ic- 
ture. In 1563 Heinrich Pantaleon translated the work into German 
under the title " Moskowiter Wonderbare Ilistorien,'' in which is a 
woodcut that Wilckens (1885) says is not a representation of the urus 
but rather that of a castrated domestic ox. The horns appear to be 
lyraform, while those of fossil Bos primigenius are not. Wilckens 
also thought that Herberstain had never seen an urus himself and 
went to Moscow but once. Xehring (1896 and 1807), who has care- 
fully studied the various editions of Herberstain \s work, says tliat 
Herberstain went several times to Moscow and had many opportuni- 
ties to see both the urus and the bison. Pantaleon, his translator, 
says that Herberstain had a great regard for truth. 
The edition of 1551 contains the plates of bison and urus for the 
first time, and it expressly states that the plates were added by the 
author himself, who lived for 10 years after its publication. The 
pictures were not in the first edition because Herberstain did not 
possess them until about 1550. He allowed Gesner to publish them 
m an appendix to his " Historia Animalium " in 1553. 
No one knows who made the picture, but it Avas probably done by 
an artist in Poland who had seen a urus. As to the shape of the 
horns shown in the picture, it may be said that artists were rare in 
those days, and it is not an easy task for the uninitiated to draw the 
correct form of horns on paper. Besides, the fossil horn cores 
would not show whether or not the horns were lyraform. 
A poem by Caspar Betius, entitled " De Uro et Bisonte," published 
in 1558, indicates that Herberstain possessed skins, horns, and hoofs 
of the urus and the bison in 1552 (Nehring, 1897). 
Wrzesniow^ski (1878) has pretty good evidence that these wild 
cattle lived in the woods of Jaktorowka until the seventeenth cen- 
tury. The last specimen died in 1627 in the Zoological Garden of 
Count Samoisky. 
Other fossil species of Bos closely related to B. primigenius are />. 
trochoceros^ B. frontosus^ B. hrachijceros, B. longifrons^ B. hrachg- 
cephahis, and B. typicvs. In fact they are so nearly related that 
some and perhaps all of them may be considered as varieties of />. 
primigenius. 
Bos TROCIIOCEHOS. 
Bos trochoceros received its name from Eiitimeyer, wh(^ found 
many skulls of females in the pile-works of the Neolithic and r>ronze 
ages. Because most of the specimens appear to be females we may 
consider that trochoceros is a form of primigenius domesticated in 
