THE ANCESTRY OF DOMESTICATED CATTLE. 193 
PLIOCENE EPOCH. 
Gcolcgiml distribution of the principal .species of v/ild o.Kcn. 
Geological 
epoch. 
Asia. 
Africa. 
Europe. 
America. 
Recent. 
Bos primigenius. 
namadicus. 
indicus (zebu). 
Bibos gaums (gaur). 
frontalis (gayal). 
sondaicus (bant- 
jr t>u ^HKty wo yi Ujit/ivit, iv<» 
(yak). 
Bubalus (many spe- 
cies). 
Bos indicus. 
Bubalus catfre (5 
races). 
Bos primigenius. 
Bison bonasus. 
caucasicus. 
Bison bison. 
Pleistocene . 
Bos primigenius. 
namadicus. 
Leptobos frascri. 
Bison prisons. 
Bubalus palxindicus. 
Bos primigenius. 
mauritanicus. 
Bubalus antiquus. 
Bison priscus. 
Bos primigenius. 
Bison priscus. 
Bubalus pallasi. 
Bison latifrons. 
occidcntalis. 
antiquus. 
c rO/SsicoTTiiSt 
alleni. 
ferot. 
bison. 
Pliocene. 
Bos acutifrons. 
planifrons. 
Leptobos falconeri. 
Bison sivalensis. 
Bubalus triquetricornis. 
acuticornis. 
platyccros. 
Leptobos elatus. 
(etruscus.) 
Bison [?). 
The Leptobovine group in Pliocene time is represented by at least 
two extinct species — Bos elatus and Bos falconeri. Bos elatus, the 
Etruscan ox (fig. 9), lived m France and Italy in the late Pliocene. 
The horn cores of the male grew outward, then curved gradually up- 
ward, with an inward tendency at the tips. The limb bones indicate 
a comparatively slightly built animal. The lower molar teeth have 
a small additional column on the inner side. Deperet considers Bos 
elatus a bison because of its dentition. Bos etmscus (Falconer), 
originally described as a separate species, is, according to Dr. For- 
syth-Major, merely the female of Bos elatus. Bos falconeri is im- 
perfectly known, but is apparently distinguished from Bos elatus by 
the more slender form of the skull of the male and the more upright 
direction of the horn cores, of which the bases alone are preserved. 
Kemains of this species are found in the fresh- water deposits of the 
Siwalik Hills of India, laid down in the early Pliocene. 
These species are closely allied to the banting (PI. XIII), as is 
shown by the curvature of the cylindrical horns, the shape of the 
nasal bones, and in the shortness of the skull. On the other hand, 
the horn cores of the bulls are situated far below the vertex of the 
skull, midway between the occiput and the orbits. The cows are 
hornless. Probably the banting {Bos sondaicus) is thoir ncnrost 
