Miscellanea 
number of women employed, they have also the largest percentage of foi'eign-born and of those 
living in urban surroundings, and that it is therefore impossible without further investigation to 
assign the infant deathrate to any of these three factors. 
A further investigati(jn has been undertaken into the 32 Massachusetts cities and the death- 
rate under a year is gi\-en, the percentage of foreign-boi'ii, the births per 1000 of the population*, 
the percentage of women gainfully employed and the percentage illiterate, and a comparison is made 
between the ten cities with tlie highest and the ten cities with the lowest infant deathrate and 
percentage of women employed and the other factors enumerated. The conclusion is reached that 
" These comparisons indic ite, superficially at least, that a more direct relation exists between 
infant mortality and the birthrate, the percentage of foreign-born, and the percentage of female 
illiteracy than between infant mortality and the employment of women." (p. 38). 
There can l)e no doubt that a direct study of the infant mortality in relation to women's 
employment can only properly be made, wlien wo confine o>ir attention to women, employed and 
unemplo)'ed, who are actually mothers and li\'e in the same town, and when we correct for aget, 
and if possiljle home conditions. Still if we take a series of diflierent towns the right method 
must be to correct by the method of i)artial correlation for such divergent factors as we are 
able to ascertain and allow for in the series of towns investigated. I have endeavoured to ajjply 
modern statistical methods to the data of tliis Report, taking as measures of the environmental 
conditions in the towns: Z) the general deathrate, «'= percentage of illiteracy, /= percentage of 
foreign-born population, e = percentage of females employed 10 years of age and upwards {note, 
not percentage of employed mothers, so we may be largely measuring effect of child labour on 
future motherhood), and deaths under one year per 1000 births. Then we have for cor- 
relations : 
r,,,= -G8, /•ji=-70, r,;y=-74. 
Hence numl)ers of foreign-born and of illiterate appear to be slightly more influential on infantile 
mortality tlian emploj-ment of women. These values arc certainly high and the first is the sort 
of crude value which is used as an argument against the emploj'ment of women. Proceeding to 
partial correlations we have 
ii\h = '36, fVa, = -43, /r,i = -48, 
enii="42, e''d/="57, -31. 
We next corrected for two factoi's and found : 
-34, -12, '43. 
Thus we see that illiteracy has least influence on the infantile deathrate and the presence of 
foreign-born most. 
But even the presence of foreign-born and of illiterates is not a very complete measure of 
environmental effects liable to influence the infantile mortality in different towns as a2iart from 
employment of women. Many women employed means industrial conditions and possibly 
generally bad envii'onment. I have taken as a measure of this the general deathrate D and find 
''•D(j="'i'l, = '47, rx)i=-GO, rr,j = -49. 
Wlience I find : 
x>'Ve='57, i,»\,j=-62, z)?-,,/=-75, 
i>»> = -49, Dr,i = -61, D»v = -68, 
showing very substantial relations after cori'ection for a general measure of poor environment. 
* The author is not very confident of the full accuracy of the complete registration of births, 
t Young women are often employed up to the birtli of their first one or two children, but the death- 
rate of these elder-bom is heavier than the deathrate of those who immediately follow. 
