206 
Clypeal MarMngs of Vespa vulgaris 
The data are given in Table III (p. 207) and are summarised below : 
Type 
Type 
Type 
Type 
Type 
Type 
Type 
Type 
J) 
Type 
Total: 151 
It will be realised at once how far more variable the drones, of even one nest, 
are than the workers or queens for this character. But their variability is rather 
of a negative than a positive character, appearing to consist in more or less exteusive 
absence of the fuller markings of queen and worker. 
The results here deduced fur variability of non-measured characters do not 
wholly agree with those found by Wright, Lee and Pearson on the wing measure- 
ments of the same nest of V. vulgaris. They found that for absolute measurements 
the variability as determined by the coefficient of variation was in every case such 
that the worker was more variable than the drone and the drone than the queen. 
On the other hand they found when they dealt with indices that the drone for 
wing measurements was slightly more variable than the worker and the queen 
less variable than either*. Possibly the divergence apparent here may be explicable 
in the sense of the drone's variability lying in the present case in an absence 
of marking rather than in any positive variation. The drone's variation is about 
a centre of much diminished marking. If we could measure the variation in the 
total area of marking in queen and worker we might iind it as great as the varia- 
tions in the smaller markings of the drone. 
It would be of much interest to investigate a series of drones from different 
nests. It is clear that the clypeal markings form a secondary sexual character 
and they would probably provide classifications for hereditary purposes. 
I very narrow 6 
[(I + VII) 1 
II no horns 1, very narrow 1 2 
III 0 
IV 0 
V 0 
VI Pure 59 
VI + VII 1 
VII 22 
VIII (VIII near VI) 
(VIII + 1 VII) 
Pure 
60 
IX 
* Biometiika , Vol. v. pp. 414 and 421. 
