282 Statistical Notes on the Influence of Education in Egypt 
Table II provides the number of male criminals per 1000 of the male popu- 
lation, the literacy or number of male persons able to read and write per 100 of 
TABLE II. Educational and Criminal Indices, 
Governments 
Male 
Criminals per 
1000 males 
Literacy 
per 100 males 
Male Scliolaifs 
5—19, per 100 
boys of those ages 
Cairo 
12-90 
28-03 
30-20 
Alexandria 
14-15 
30-09 
19-99 
Canal and EI Arish 
22-30 
23-39 
8-54 
Behera 
5-30 
9-29 
1-01 
Charkieli 
4-20 
9-09 
1 -66 
Dakahlieli and Damietta 
4-35 
. 8-18 
1-76 
Gharbieli 
5-65 
8-22 
3-04 
Kalliuhieh 
6-65 
8-13 
1-39 
Menufieli 
3-85 
8-45 
1-06 
Assiut 
5-45 
7-01 
4-02 
Assuan ... 
4-20 
7-68 
0-82 
Belli Suef 
5-70 
8-42 
2-03 
Fayoum ... 
6-85 
6-54 
1-85 
Gerga ... 
3-95 
5-84 
2-22 
Guizeh ... 
5-10 
6-38 
1-15 
Keiia 
3-45 
5-34 
1-66 
Minia 
5-20 
7-25 
3-13 
the male population*, and the number of male scholars aged 5 to 19 per 100 of 
the native boys of those agesf. 
We shall use the following symbols to denote the factors which occur in 
Tables I and II: 
0 = Ottomans, G = Greeks, / = Italians, 
E — Europeans other than Greeks and Italians. 
G = Criminality, L — Literacy, »S = Scholarship, D = Density of Population. 
Each government was treated as of equal weight, although the populations 
vary from 233,000 in Assuan to 1,485,000 in Gharbieh. The standard-deviations 
and product-moments wei-e found without grouping. The following results were 
obtained : 
Means Standard Deviations 
TOe= 7-015, o-e= 4-791, 
TOi= 11-019, c7i=7-6-H, 
ms= 5-031, o-,s = 7-735, 
m^= 1528, o-j5= 2475-5, 
Correlations : 
r^p= + -9614 + -0124, 
Correlations 
rf,£ ^ + -8450 ± -0468, 
rc,s. = -6242 + -0999, 
r^s = -1- -9028 ± -0303, 
rj)s = + -8097 ± -0566, r^^ = + "9563 + -0138. 
Now at first sight these results would seem to indicate a very bad influence of 
education on crime. Where literacy and scholarship are greatest, there criminals 
* Egyptian Census, 1907, p. 99. 
t Foreign male scholars are excluded in the case of Cairo, Alexandria and the Canal. They have 
no sensible numerical existence elsewhere. Criminals and scholars are taken from the Annuaire Statis- 
tique de V Egijpte , 1912, pp. 95 and 135. 
