284 Statistical Notes on the Influence of Education in Egypt 
Greeks may possibly, but not certainly, be detrimental. The Ottomans have 
now a lorge negative correlation of a quite significant character, or we might 
assert that the presence of Ottomans tends to diminish criminality. The Greeks 
are frequently moneylenders and alcohol dealers, and the Ottomans, especially 
the Arabs, have among them a good many religious teachers. 
We have, however, to note that criminality is greatest in the Canal Govern- 
ment, where Europeans and Greeks are most frequent, while the Ottomans are 
most numerous in Alexandria, where crime is almost 40 y less than in the Canal 
Government. To test the influence of the three densely populated governments, 
we put the Canal proportion of the Ottomans at Cairo, that of Cairo at Alexandria 
and that of Alexandria at the Canal. There resulted : 
roc= + -9707, instead of + -8425, 
r^p= + -9870, instead of +"9575, 
leading to 2)*'oc — + '4918, 
or we may safely say, that if the proportions of Ottomans at Alexandria and along 
the Canal were interchanged, then no I'elation between the presence of Ottomans 
and the absence of criminality would exist, indeed the relation would probably be 
reversed. The prevalence of the Ottomans in Alexandria has been attributed to its 
more temperate climate. There is certainly a large Ottoman element in Alexandria^ 
there being 21,827 Ottomans out of a population of 332,246, and it is larger 
than any other foreign element except the Gi'eeks. In Cairo, with 29,516 out 
of 654,476 inhabitants, the Ottomans exceed any other single foreign element. 
It is conceivable, therefore, that they may be able to influence the moral tone of 
those towns. It must be borne in mind, however, that crime is far more frequent 
in the Cairo and Alexandria governments than in the more purely rural districts, 
and we can scarcely suppose that Cairo and Alexandria would reach the still higher 
criminality level of the Canal, were it not for the presence of the Ottomans. In 
the Canal Government there are exceptional conditions, and we can hardly assume 
that a transfer of the Ottomans from Alexandria to the Canal would interchange 
their proportions of criminality. Greeks no doubt flock to the Canal for business 
purposes, the other Europeans largely for control purposes ; the Ottomans, 
relatively speaking, avoid it. Without further analysis it would not be possible 
to assert definitely that the presence of Ottomans reduces crime. It may be 
doubted whether the presence of foreigners, with the possible exception of the 
Greeks, is really associated with the extent of criminality in Egypt. 
A further investigation was undertaken in regard to the possible influence 
of education on infantile mortality. The birthrate and deathrate in Egypt are 
both remarkably high. Thus for the years 1899-1909 inclusive the average 
rates were : 
Births per 1000* Deaths per 1000 Excess of Births over Deaths 
Cairo 40-7 35-7 +5-0 
Alexandria 38-0 31-8 +6-2 
* still births not included. 
