Alice Lee 
535 
although the figures in that column appear to refer to lOOpr/pi- Below this 
table occur the words : 
This experience for the entire series of individual years is expressed by a coefficient of 
correlation of - '94 between segregation measured -by the fraction of pauper population treated 
in institutions and the phthisis deathrate. (p. 277.) 
The correlation to support Dr Newsholme's views should be negative if 
has been used, and positive if lOOpr/pi has been used. But as many of his 
other correlations are given with the wrong sign, it is difficult to discover what 
measure of segregation he actually has used. To add to the confusion the index 
actually plotted is log pr/pi, and not 100p;Jpr, which is what Dr Newsholme 
defines as his index. We have accordingly in our analysis of the figures, to be 
given later, used both indices lOOpi/pr and lOOpr/pi. 
It is very difficult to appreciate how the ratio lOOpi/pr can effectively measure 
the segregation ratio — it is indeed impossible to agree with Dr Newsholme's view 
that any of his indices " measure with approximate accuracy the ratio which states 
how many of total days of tuberculous sickness are passed in institutions." 
The policy of compelling as many paupers as possible to go into the workhouse 
was directly adopted with a view to diminishing the total pauperism as well as 
abuses connected with outdoor relief, and that policy is the source of increase in 
the index lOOpi/pr. Had Dr Newsholme examined his own Tables LXV, LXVIJ 
and LXIX carefully, he would have seen that the percentage of indoor paupers 
on the general population has remained almost constant for the period in question, 
while the total paupers per cent, of the general population in England with Wales 
and in Scotland have decreased. If the same relative number of paupers are segre- 
gated now as formerly, how can this segi-egatiou have diminished the chances of 
infection in the community ? We can hardly assume that all paupers are tuber- 
culous, or markedly so relatively to other men, so that the reduction of the number 
of outside paupers by indoor segregation is equivalent practically to a reduction 
pro tanto (note the extraordinarily high correlations !) of the number of tuberculous 
in the community. If so, then the reduction of the tuberculous deathrate would 
be due not to the segregation, but to the large decrease in the total pauperism 
relative to the population of this country. The correlation, as we shall demon- 
strate, is not between the segregation of paupers and the phthisis deathrate, but 
between the diminution of total pauperism and the phthisis deathrate. W^e shall 
investigate how far this relationship between total pauperism and the phthisis 
deathrate is "organic," i.e. continues after the annulment of the time-factor, or is 
purely due to the fact that both pauperism and phthisis have diminished during 
the forty-year period under consideration. 
It was this third definition of a segregation ratio in conjunction with the 
fourth segregation ratio to be considered later that led us to realise that the whole 
