E. Schuster 
45 
get the inner cylinder counterpoised correctly for all positions, since the more it 
rises the less it is supported by the water in the outer cylinder. Thus when it 
rises above a certain level the air contained in it becomes compressed to an extent 
slightly greater than the atmospheric pressure, and the more it rises the greater 
this additional pressure becomes. Thus in the case of men with good chest 
development the lung capacities are slightly understated. 
In applying this test three blows are allowed and the mean of them is taken. 
Sometimes the first blow is a failure, owing to the subject not quite understanding 
what he has to do, and in this case it is not recorded but a fourth attempt is made 
instead. 
Stature is measured by means of a special instrument in which there are two 
platforms, a lower fixed one, and an upper hinged seat which may be brought down 
on to fixed brackets at such a height that its top surface is exactly 500 mm. above 
the lower platform or put out of the way when it is not wanted. The subject first 
removes his boots and is asked to stand on the lower platform, a sliding block, 
massive in its proportions but counterpoised, is brought down on to the top of his 
head and his stature read off a millimetre scale in the usual way. The upper 
platform is then brought into position, he is asked to sit on it and the height of 
the top of his head in this position is measured. By deducting the height 
of the seat (500 mm.) the length of his body without the legs is obtained. He 
then kneels on the lower platform and another record is taken ; in this case his 
whole length except that part below the knees is measured; by a little subtraction 
the length of the leg and the length of the thigh are arrived at. Two ratios 
are then calculated, namely the ratio of length of leg to the whole stature, 
expressed in the tables in T ^ths of the stature, and the ratio of the thigh length 
to the leg length expressed in T ^oths of the leg length. 
Weight is measured on an Avery weighing machine in stones, pounds and 
ounces. The subject is fully dressed but without his boots. 
Strength of Pull is measured by means of a spring balance, working up to 
500 lbs., suspended by a staple driven into the wall. To the free end of the 
balance a wire rope is attached, which passes under two pulleys fastened to the 
floor and ends in a cross-piece resting close to the ground. The subject is required 
to stand over this handle, stooping so as to reach it, and to pull it steadily upwards 
as far as he can ; then to hold it in this position for five seconds. 
It is not proposed to give a detailed account of all the means, standard 
deviations and correlation coefficients which have been calculated. These are 
recorded more clearly and satisfactorily in a tabular form. But an attempt will 
be made to point out the more interesting facts which the tables show. 
Strength of Pull. The average pull for the 18 year old group is 185-2 lbs., 
this rises fairly steadily with age; at 21 years 216"4 lbs. is reached, then it drops 
slightly to 211-4 at 22 and 2129 at 23. As the probable errors of the means for 
