R. Crbwdson Benington 125 
J 
through its mid-point is the "vertical axis" of the transverse vertical contour. 
T^his vertical axis is divided into ten equal parts by aid of the proportional com- 
passes, and lines parallel to the auricular line are drawn through the points of 
'division ; these lines will not necessarily be bisected by the vertical axis owing 
to the asymmetry of the skull. They are numbered from below upwards : 
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, where 1 represents the lengths on the auricular axis. An 
eleventh line is taken one quarter of the last section from the apex*; the distances 
to right and left of the vertical axis up to the contour are measured off along these 
eleven horizontals. Also the length of the vertical axis is measured. Thus 
23 separate measurements are made on the contour. Since the skull is placed 
with the occiput downwards on the Klaatsch, the right side of the skull is to the 
observer's left when viewing the contour, and the left of the skull to his right ; 
this is a point which it is needful to bear in mind. 
We have now 23 measurements which are entered in the recording book as 
V.A. 
1ft 
1L 
2R 
2L 
3ft 
3L 
4ft 
4L 
5ft 
5L 
6R 
6L 
72? 
7L 
8E 
8L 
9R 
9L 
10ft 
10L 
A\ B 
AiL 
From these measurements we can plot 23 points on the section, and if the 
section be drawn in with a spline between these points, we found it could be 
reproduced with an accuracy well within the instrumental errors of the contour 
tracer. 
(6) The sagittal or median section. The skull being again placed on the 
craniophor and adjusted to the Frankfurt horizontal plane, the point 7! on the 
same horizontal level as the nasion is marked off on the median plane of the 
skull by means of the scriber. The skull is now removed to the Klaatsch, and 
adjusted so that the nasion, the bregma and the lambda lie in the horizontal 
plane. The contour is then drawn starting from the alveolar point and giving as 
much of the nose as possible. The alveolar point, the nasion, the bregma, the 
apex, the lambda, the gamma, the inion, the opisthion, the basion, and the 
auricular point are all marked on this contour drawing. The advantage of having 
all these points marked on the sagittal sections will be obvious; their mean 
positions can afterwards be at once inserted on the type contour. 
* The "apex" is the highest point of the transverse vertical section in our terminology. The 
additional ordinates are necessary to obtain the ti'ue curvature in the neighbourhood of the apex ; we 
term this the apex quarter line (A J). 
f We use this Greek letter for the posterior " horizontal point " of the sagittal contour, and term it 
the "gamma." 
