R. Crewdson Bbnington 
127 
contour is drawn from the lead strip. Thus the nasion-gamma line enables us 
to compare with reasonable approximation the living head with the skull — a 
process which is much assisted if the distances of the auricular point from nasion 
and gamma have been determined for both skull and living head. This nasion- 
gamma line is the basis of the method developed by Dr Charles Goring for the 
determination of the sagittal contour of criminals' heads, and it has been applied 
by Dr Crewdson Benington in reconstructing a type English head from the three 
contours obtained from 106 non-commissioned officers and men of the Royal 
Engineers. 
(c) The glabellar horizontal section. This is obtained by placing the skull 
in the craniophor and marking by aid of the scriber points on the same horizontal 
plane as the nasion and the gamma, in the region above both auricular passages. 
The skull is now adjusted in the Klaatsch holder, apex downwards, until these 
four points are shewn to be in the same horizontal plane. The horizontal contour 
is now drawn parallel to this plane through the glabella and it will pass below 
the lambda and does not pass far from the occipital point. The points in the 
median plane immediately above the nasion and below the lambda on this contour 
are especially marked with the Klaatsch tracer. They will be spoken of as 
F and 0, the glabellar and occipital points. FO is the glabella-occipital line of 
the horizontal section. This fronto-occipital line being found, it is divided into 
ten equal parts by the proportional compasses, and lines perpendicular to the 
fronto-occipital line are drawn through the points of division, and the lengths up 
to the contour measured right and left. To obtain the frontal and occipital 
curvatures, parallel lines at F\ and 0\ were taken as in the other cases. Thus 
24 points are known, and they suffice by aid of a spline to reconstruct the 
horizontal section. Actually the skull being placed apex downwards on the 
Klaatsch support the right of the skull is on the right of our contour when we 
look from the frontal towards the occipital point. But in actually plotting the 
mean diagrams the measured lengths have been reversed. 
Thus when we look at the horizontal section with the frontal point towards us 
the right of the skull is on our left, as it would be if we were facing the actual 
skull the right way up. This corresponds with the transverse vertical section 
which is also drawn with its right on our left, i.e. as it would appear in the actual 
skull, if facing us. 
In our record book we have accordingly the following entries : 
FO 
FIR 
F\ L 
2R 
2L 
3R 
3L 
47? 
4L 
5R 
5L 
6R 
6L 
Hi 
1L 
8R 
8L ' 
9R 
9L 
10R 
10L 
OiR 
0\L 
