134 
Cranial Type-Contours 
(6) Comparison of English and other Cranial Types. Before wider com- 
parisons have been made it might legitimately be argued that the parallelism 
exhibited by the English cranial and living head types is not greater than we 
should find by comparing average heads for other series together. We will 
therefore look into some of the points of agreement and disagreement with other 
racial types. 
(a) I take out first the three series of Congo skulls determined by Dr Benington. 
Let the reader place the tissues of Figs. XII, XIII and XIV, the Du Chaillu, 
Fernand Vaz, crania of 1880 on Figs. Ill, IV, V, like contour to like contour, 
and he will see at once that the differences are far in excess of anything coverable 
by probable errors. Now place the same tissues of the 1880 Congo crania on 
Figs. IX, X, XI, the 1864 Du Chaillu, Fernand Vaz, crania. The 1880 type 
crania is slightly larger, but the differences are precisely such as we have learnt 
to consider from Figs. Ill, IV and V to be of the probable error order*. If now 
we superpose the tissues of Figs. XV, XVI and XVII of the Batetelu Congo crania 
first on Figs. IX, X and XI and then on Figs. XII, XIII and XIV we find them 
in most respects intermediate between the two series. In most cases the differences 
are not greater than apparently is introduced by the asymmetry of the skull — 
there may be agreement on one side and divergence on the other. It would be 
hard to say whether the differences are of the order of probable error or are 
significant of intertribal variations — far larger numbers in a variety of local races 
must first be dealt with before this point can be answered ; but there is no doubt 
of the general agreement of these contours inter se and their substantial disagree- 
ment from the English contours. 
But it will be said that we all knew beforehand that the English and the negro 
cranium even in its least negro form were widely divergent. The contours tell us 
nothing new. That is quite true, but they do bring home to us the exact nature 
of this divergence as far as concerns these principal sections in a marked graphic 
manner. Note how much more vertical the negro cranium is in the gamma 
region and its deficiency of frontal and occipital development. If the bregmas 
be brought into the same vertical, the Ny lines being coincident, it will be seen 
that the subtense, the " calotte height," is at least equal to, in the Batetelu Congo 
crania greater than, that of the English skull. Again in the transverse vertical 
sections it is by no means a defect of height by which the negro cranium differs 
from the English, there is, if anything, an excess of auricular height. It is con- 
traction of the bi-auricular breadth which is for all three negro contours the 
persistent and marked feature. Lastly, in the horizontal contours, it is not only 
the lesser occipital and frontal development but the marked concavity of the 
temporal region (about ordinate No. 4) which is the noteworthy characteristic. 
(b) English and Guanche Cranial Types. If we now superpose Figs. XXIV, 
XXV and XXVI in tissue representing the Guanche cranial type upon Figs. 
* All the differences are really less than the probable errors, because the two 1864 and 1880 Congo 
series are short series compared to those of Figs. Ill — V. 
