290 
A Study of the Negro Skull 
The series involved are too heterogeneous to throw any light on intra-negroid 
differences. The values found for G and G bis , however, lie well inside the 
differences found by Shrubsall for small series of local negro races, and it would 
therefore be impossible to assert on the basis of these results alone that the 
negroes of Northern Africa differ sensibly from those of the South. 
(3) Measurements. The measurements taken by Dr Crewdson Benington 
are in the main those of previous biometric craniologists. They were made in 
the manner described by Fawcett (loc. cit. p. 416) and Macdonell, Biometrika 
(Vol. in. p. 200). The measurements are as follows: G= capacity. Taken with 
mustard seed, packing and measuring glass, — not in the present manner of the 
Biometric Laboratory with the balance and weighing (see Biometrika, Vol. ill. 
p. 203). The latter method was not possible as the skulls were measured away 
from the Laboratory. Dr Benington, however, practised on the "cranes etalons " 
and against other workers in the Laboratory until his average difference was 
under 10 cm. 3 F= Flower's ophryo-occipital length; L' = glabellar horizontal 
length ; L = maximum length from glabella to occiput. B = maximum horizontal 
breadth ; B' = least breadth of forehead from one temporal crest to the other ; 
H = basio-bregmatic height*; OH = auricular height as measured on the 
craniophor, that is the height perpendicular to the horizontal plane, above the 
line joining the upper margins of the auricular orifices. Zi?=basi-nasal length, from 
basion to nasion. P = profile angle measured with the goniometer, the skull being 
on craniophor. Q = cross or tranverse arc from upper rim of one auricular passage 
to that of the other over the bregma. Q 2 = the same measurement taken not over 
the bregma, but perpendicular to the horizontal plane. S = sagittal arc from 
nasion to opisthion ; $j = part of S from nasion to bregma ; S 2 = part of S from 
bregma to lambda ; S 3 = part of S from lambda to opisthion ; 8 3 ' = chord of arc S s . 
U = horizontal circumference, measured directly above the superciliary ridges and 
round the most projecting part of the occiput. 
G'H = upper face height, nasion to alveolar point ; GB= face breadth, from the 
lower end of one zygomatico-maxillary suture to that of the other; J= zygomatic 
breadth, from the outermost point of one zygomatic arch to that of other ; 
NH= nasal height, from nasion to the lowest edge of pyriform aperture f; 
NB = nasal breadth, greatest breadth of nasal aperture, wherever it may be ; 
O x = breadth of orbit, R and L, the greatest breadth from side to side (see 
Biometrika, Vol. III. p. 201); 0 2 = height of orbit, R and L, taken perpendicular 
to 0 1 ; 0 1 = length of palate, from the point of the spina nasalis posterior to an 
* II is usually measured in the Biometric Laboratory from the basion to the pencil line on the skull 
vertically above the auricular axis, but for comparative purposes Dr Benington followed Dr Macdonell 
and measured to the bregma and thus his measurements are comparable with those of Shrubsall and 
Broca. In the case of the Congo crania he had the craniophor at the Royal College, and I think his H 
is the pencil line measurement, and that this accounts for the great difference between the Congo and 
Gaboon cranial heights. 
t Theoretically we say from nasion to the point in the median plane which is determined by a 
tangent to the lower edges of the pyriform aperture. In practice, however, this gives a value sensibly 
the same as the above. 
