304 
A Study of the Negro Skull 
It is of interest to see that for the base of the skull the Congo crania appear 
sensibly differentiated from the other negro crania. Although the Kaffir and 
Zulu crania are long and give a ratio of maximum length to skull basis equal to 
that of the French or Bavarian, we see that on the whole the European develop- 
ment has been in the direction of a reduced skull basis, and much increased 
cranial length. 
Arcs : If we now turn to the tape measurements we should expect little 
difference between European and negro in the transverse arc (Q)*, but marked 
differences in the sagittal arc (S) and the horizontal circumference (U). The 
following table shows results : 
Cranial Arcs. 
Male 
Female 
Q + S+ U 
Q 
8 
U 
Q + S+V 
Q 
S 
U 
Aino ... 
1224 
■ 328 
373 
523 
1180 
317 
361 
502 
Bavarian 
1219 
330 
365 
524 
1173 
319 
353 
501 
Kaffir 
1215 
307 
381 
527 
English, Moorfields... 
1211 
305 
379 
527 
1172 
293 
366 
513 
English, Whitechapel 
1209 
308 
377 
524 
1161 
294 
363 
504 
Wurtemberger 
1209 
324 
367 
518 
1174 
315 
358 
501 
Zulu ... 
1199 
307 
372 
520 
French 
1196 
312 
366 
518 
Gaboon, 1880 
1192 
312 
371 
509 
1127 
298 
348 
481 
Naqada 
1188 
304 
373 
511 
1154 
296 
364 
494 
Angoni 
1185 
305 
369 
511 
Northern Negroes ... 
1183 
307 
368 
508 
Copts... 
1179 
311 
366 
502 
1133 
296 
352 
485 
Congo 
1177 
311 
362 
504 
1137 
298 
350 
489 
Gaboon, 1864 
1175 
310 
364 
501 
1127 
296 
350 
481 
It will be seen that the Germans (Bavarians and Wurtemberger) head the 
list for the trausverse arc (Q), but while the negroes in this arc excel the English 
and are close to the French, yet with the exception of the Kaffirs and Zulus in the 
sagittal and horizontal circumferences they are behind the Europeans. The 
Congo and the longer Gaboon series of 1864 are at the bottom of the list, and 
are strikingly alike and also similar as in other characters to the modern Copts. 
The Angonis and the Northern negroes are very close together and fall between 
the Naqada and the Copts. It is the Kaffir and Zulu who stand out with a 
markedly bigger skull, and it is the more to be regretted that we have not data 
* Because the negro cranium is not deficient in vertical height, but markedly so in breadth and 
length. 
