R. Crewdson Benington 309 
Alveolar (or Gnathic) Index, 100 GLj LB*. 
6 
? 
s 
? 
English (Whitcchapel) 
94-4 
94-8 
Aino ... 
99-5 
99-8 
Scottish t 
94-9 
94-9 
Kaffir 
100-1 
Theban Mummies ... 
95-2 
96-5 
Zulu 
100-1 
Naqada 
95-4 
95-9 
Gaboon, 1864 
100-2 
102-7 
English (Moorfields)... 
96-4 
96-1 
Gaboon, 1880 
100-8 
100-8 
Copts ... 
96-6 
98-9 
Angoni 
101-0 
Congo ... 
98-2 
100-6 
Northern Negro 
102-3 
Long Barrow... 
99-4 
99-9 
It is regretable that we have not the measurements of any but British crania 
among the European races. The table brings out, however, several points: the 
female sex tends to have a higher alveolar index than the male. The Egyptians 
as represented by prehistoric, historic and modern (Coptic) crania are very sensibly 
differentiated from the bulk of the negro ; the one exception is the Congo male 
series, the anomalous character of which is again emphasised by the marked 
difference of male and female indices. 
There are few determinations of the foraminal index. Macdonell gives it as 
84 - 2 for English males (Moorfields) and 84*5 for English females. Schuster's 
values are 77'6 for Long Barrow males and 87'5 for females, the numbers being 
only 11 and 6 crania respectively j. The Congo crania give: males 83 - 5, females 
81 - 8 ; Gaboon, 1864, give males 839, females 81"1 ; Gaboon, 1880, give: males 
84-3, females 84'7 ; Zulu males 80-8, Angoni males 81-3, Kaffir males 80-1. These 
numbers tend to show that the foramen magnum is somewhat more oval in the 
southern negroes than in the Congo-Gaboon series, the latter of which approaches 
close to the English value. But more data are requisite before the matter can be 
discussed adequately. As far as the material reaches, it is not inconsistent with 
the Congo-Gaboon crania standing closer to the European than the Zulu-Kaffir 
groups do. So far as the limited evidence goes, the form of the foramen is 
not a markedly differential racial characteristic. 
Passing to the palate, we should, judging from results on the mandible and 
the negro prognathism, expect to find G^ and G 2 both greater than in European 
crania and thus possibly not much differentiation in the palate index. But as the 
Biometrical School has several times indicated, it is very difficult to be certain 
that two different measurers of the palate take exactly the same measurements, 
and there are serious pitfalls likely to arise from personal equation and a lack of 
standardisation. The following table gives the best results available : 
* Determined from means of GL and LB. 
f See Biometrika, Vol. in. p. 242. 
% Mean of 17 crania without regard to sex =81-1. 
