R Crewdson Benington 315 
Nasal Characters. (Table B.) 
Mesodacryal 
Mesodacryal 
Mesodacryal 
Mesodacryal 
Simotic 
Chord 
Arc 
Index a 
Index /§ 
Index 
6 
? 
6 
? 
? 
? 
6 
? 
S 
Gaboon, 1880 
25-5 
22-7 
Congo ... 
24-4 
23-5 
32-9 
23-2 
39-9 
41-5 
34-5 
36-8 
25-6 
25-2 
Gaboon, 1864 ... 
24-5 
23-1 
33-5 
32 3 
45-4 
46-7 
42-7 
44-8 
30-8 
28-7 
Zulus ... 
24-3 
Angoni 
24-3 
Kaffirs 
24-1 
Egyptian (Series E) ... 
21-5 
20-4 
34-5 
32-4 
57-0 
55-9 
61-3 
59-3 
44-8 
38-6 
English (Whitechapel) 
22-6 
20-9 
35-1 
31-9 
53-9 
52-2 
56-2 
53-4 
50-7 
47-4 
Taking in the first place Table A of nasal characters, we see that the high nasal 
index of the negro is due to two sources. It occurs chiefly because the breadth 
of the nose is markedly greater in Negroes than in Europeans, and partly because 
Europeans have a somewhat longer nose. The Congo-Gaboon group lies closer 
in breadth to the primitive and prehistoric group, than do the Zulu-Kaffirs. Here 
again it would seem that the Congo-Gaboon group is the link between the Southern 
(and Northern ?) negroes and the Egyptian type, just as on the other hand the 
Egyptians link up the prehistoric Naqadas with the Europeans. The marked gap, 
however, between the Congo-Gaboon and Egyptian series indicates that we are on 
different branches of the developmental tree. 
The Congo-Gaboon crania are, however, nearer the Egyptian than the " full- 
blooded " negro crania are, while modern Europeans are more or less continuously 
linked up through the Nile valley and the Congo-Gaboon group with Kaffir and 
Zulu. Thus the nasal index appears to emphasise the same form of relationship 
as the gnathic and the acroplatic indices have already indicated. 
Table B is unfortunately very defective. We have only just realised the 
importance of measurements on the nasal bridge. Unfortunately Dr Benington 
only measured the mesodacryal arc on the male Congo series, and we have reason 
to believe that the females were not measured by exactly the same convention. 
Accordingly Miss K. M. Ryley kindly undertook not only to re-measure the Congo, 
but to measure also the Gaboon 1864 series, and, for purposes of comparison, fifty 
crania of each sex of the Egyptian (E) series and the English (Whitechapel) series. 
In dealing with the nose the straightforward characters to measure are chords 
and arcs, e.g. the mesodacryal chord and mesodacryal arc. We have already seen 
that a dacryal index can be formed = 100 (arc — chord)/chord, but this does not give 
a readily appreciable idea of the shape of the bridge of the nose. If we want to 
realise this a better measure is the ratio of the subtense to the chord. We might 
proceed to find this exactly as we have dealt with the occipital index from chord 
and arc of opisthion to lambda. But the subtense in that case is small relative to 
