Miscellanea 
425 
believes. The data, it should be said, relate entirely to the Jews of Northern and Central 
Europe and the Gentile is either English or North European. This limitation is noteworthy 
because there does not seem to be a specifically Jewish type among the Sephardim, or Jews of 
Eastern Europe and Africa. They are rarely to be distinguished from the natives of the 
country to which they belong, and to distinguish between the Jew and the Armenian is almost 
impossible. 
Dr Salaman provides the following table : 
Children's appearance 
Number of families Father Mother Gentile Jewish Intermediate 
50 Gentile Jewish 88 15 4 
86 Jewish Gentile 240 11 4 
Total 136 — — 328 26 8 
His conclusion may be briefly summarised as follows : 
(1) The Gentile features, or rather, facial expression act as practically a complete 
dominant to the Jewish. 
(2) In the matings of the hybrids the following results were reached : 
(a) Where the Jew is father and the mother the hybrid : in nine families there were 
" thirteen children undoubtedly Gentile and twelve unequivocally Jewish" ; 
(b) Where the mother is Jewish and the father is the hybrid : in four families there 
are seven children of whom two are Gentile and five are Jewish. Dr Salaman adds (a) and (b) 
together and obtains a very close approximation to the Mendelian expectation of equality. 
(3) He has five cases where the hybrid married a Gentile and in all of these the 
resulting eight children are Gentile in appearance. This is not perhaps unexpected on any 
theory of heredity, since three-quarters of the offsprings' blood would be Gentile and the 
difference between the results of (3) and (2) (ft) is not a little curious. 
(4) When the Jew who lacks the characteristically "Jewish" expression marries the 
markedly "Jewish" type the latter is dominant. Pedigree 6 is quoted by Dr Salaman in 
support of this important result. 
(5) Finally, " The conclusion to which these results inevitably lead is that the Jewish 
facial type, whether it be considered to rest on a gross anatomical basis, or whether it be 
regarded as the reflection in the facial musculature of a peculiar psychical state is a character 
which is subject to the Mendelian law of Heredity*." 
These results seem open in the very highest degree to criticism. Objection must, in the first 
place, be made to the categories used. I do not think it is possible to understand the nature of 
the character of which the transmission and behaviour were investigated. One would, I think 
not unfairly, expect Dr Salaman to provide us with a definition or at least a more or less 
exact description of the character with which he deals. It is surely a lamentable lack of 
scientific precision not to do so. Dr Salaman himself is not at all certain what is meant by this 
" Jewishness." In the earlier part of his paper he is at some pains to demonstrate the fact that 
the Jews cannot be considered racially pure. He quotes, indeed, with approval the statement of 
Weissenbergt "the Jew in an anthropological sense forms no specific type, but the facial 
expression is absolutely characteristic " ; but immediately above the opinion of Ripley } who 
favours the existence of a Jewish type is quoted as bringing comfort to the observer. But 
* Loc. eit. p. 285. 
t Archiv f. Anthropol. Bd. xxm. S. 347—423 and 531—579. 
% Kipley, Races of Europe, pp. 393 — 400. 
Biometrika vm 54 
