344 Anomalies of Pigmentation among Natives of Nyasaland 
brown. Photophobia and lateral nystagmus present. Dull red reflex present with 
artificial light. Vision very fair. No hair on body. Hair very white as opposed 
to the usual light straw colour ; microscopical examination showed it to be without 
pigment. 
The lad, though one of the lightest haired cases I have seen, had hazel irides, 
though, be it noted, as nystagmus and photophobia were marked, he would be 
placed in Class II, but owing to his spots, he is considered in Class I a. The 
spots of pigmentation present, however, do not approach in colour those on the 
younger boy Chibwana. Tom lived near a mission station, and I think may have 
worn more coverings than the other cases, who wore only a loin-cloth. This 
series of five albinotic siblings, all the children born, is a remarkable example of 
albinism in a family. 
Case C7. Ali of Mivaimba, near Mvera, S. Nyasa; Yao ; male, aged 16 years. 
Three elder brothers, one younger, and one younger sister, mother and father 
all very dark. No more remote members of the family known to have been 
albinotic. The skin colour of the subject is a light " warm " cafe-au-lait. He is 
covered with fine golden hairs all over the body ; hair of scalp, face, axillae and 
pubes a dirty straw colour. Irides a light reddish brown. Nystagmus present. 
Pupils black. Using an ophthalmoscope in a dark chamber, a red glow through 
pupil is obtained, but none through the iris. The optic papilla appears normal. 
The fundus reflects a red glow, a little lighter than that of a European ; choroidal 
pigment is almost completely absent, allowing the choroidal vascular network to 
be completely visible, the small amount of pigment being collected into small 
deposits lying between the vessels. 
The salient features of this case are a skin and eye colour which would cause 
me to consider it one of Xanthism, the hair also is rather dark for Classes I or II, 
but, on the other hand, the fundus is found to have less pigment in it than most 
other cases. He must therefore be considered to be an intermediate form pre- 
senting affinities with Class II and Class III. He has hairs all over the body, 
which I look upon as a condition very commonly associated with albinism. 
This case I consider an important one in linking up the several types. 
Case C 8. Chikoya of Mulowi, W. Nyasa. November, 1909. Pedigree, Plate 
XXI, Fig. 6. 
Chikoya, a man of 25 years of age, is stated to have been, as a child, quite 
white, but has gradually darkened to present colour, of dark sunburn in a 
European ; skin fine, not thickened nor cracked. Fine golden hairs are present on 
the arms, legs and shoulders ; there is a light yellow golden moustache and beard ; 
the hair of the scalp is a dark brown colour, as is also the pubic hair, but on 
microscopical examination it is found to contain only diffuse pigment and no 
granules. Hair said not to have darkened with age. Irides a light hazel ; no 
photophobia; no nystagmus, vision good. 
