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Variation and Correlation of the Human Skull 
(3) Brief Account of the Naqada Race. 
Some details as to the Naqada race may be stated here. We owe this sum- 
mary to the ready response of Professor Flinders Petrie to an appeal for aid in this 
matter. At Naqada in Upper Egypt there existed one of the largest prehistoric 
cemeteries yet known, in which about 2000 graves were opened by Professor Petrie 
and his fellow-workers in the early months of 1895. Since then other cemeteries 
at Abadiyeh, Hu, and other sites have also been excavated, and the general results 
have been summed up in Diospolis Parva, 1901. The conclusion reached is 
that the prehistoric cemeteries of Egypt date approximately between 7000 and 
5000 B.C., or we may consider the Naqada crania as about 8000 years old. The 
people whose remains were thus discovered were highly skilful in mechanical work, 
such as flaking flints and cutting vases in the hardest stones, but they had small 
skill in copying animate forms. In this they contrast strongly with the artistic 
powers of the next race, who founded the dynastic history. The portraiture re- 
maining of the prehistoric people shows at the beginning a few examples of the 
steatopygous race of Bushman type ; these are always female figures and perhaps 
represent the last captive survivors of palaeolithic man in Egypt. The great body 
of the race was of one type, strongly like the races on either hand of Egypt, the 
Libyans of Africa, and the Amorites of Syria. The small difference of cephalic 
index between the prehistoric Egyptians and the cognate peoples of modern Algeria 
(1800 miles distant and 8000 years later) is even less than that between modern 
Italians and their forefathers 2000 years earlier. The type in external appearance 
may be summed up from portraiture as having a well-formed head with finely 
domed top ; a long, slightly aquiline nose ; good lips, and a pointed beard. The 
hair was brown*, abundant and wavy; the eyes, as shown in paintings of the 
Amorites, were blue. 
(4) Measurements made and Methods of Measurement. 
In determining what measurements should be made on the Naqada crania, we 
were largely guided by the following consideration : one or another measurement 
may be ideally good from the anatomist's standpoint, but the chief use of 
craniometry is for comparative purposes, and what will be of most value will be, 
not to add new types of measurement, however desirable in themselves, but to 
make such measurements as will bring the Naqada skulls into relationship with as 
many measured series as possible. Now there can be no doubt, we think, that the 
German system as expressed in the concordat of the German craniologists known 
as the Frankfurter Verstdndigung, whatever be the defects of its individual 
measurements, covers, in the great catalogue of the German anthropological 
* Some of the skull-boxes contained the dry scalp with the hair upon it in a remarkable state of 
preservation. It was a dark brown in short curly twists. In two cases there were locks of some 
brilliant golden hair, but on careful examination, for which I have to thank Dr W. A. Osborne, dark 
brown single hairs were extracted from it, and it appeared that the whole had been bleached ; possibly, 
this is the earliest case on record of the hair-dyer's handicraft. 
