416 Variation and Co7t elation of the Human Skull 
The following forty-eight measurements and indices were found for the skulls 
as far as their condition allowed of the determination : 
(a) Capacity. Our method of measuring this is dealt with at length below(C).* 
{h) Flower's ophryo-occipital length. From ophryon to occiput measured 
with the callipers {F). 
(c) Greatest length, from glabella to the most projecting point at the back 
of the skull (Z). 
{d) Horizontal length, measured as described above {L'). 
(e) Greatest horizontal breadth of the skull, measured with the callipers {E). 
(/) Least breadth of forehead, from one temporal line to the other, 
as measured with the callipers {B'). 
(g) Height of skull, from the middle of the anterior edge of the foramen 
magnum, the basion, to the point on the top of the skull vertically above it, 
perpendicular to the German horizontal plane, measured with the callipers with 
the skull on the craniophor {H). 
(h) Auricular height, measured with vertical scale and sliding rod of 
craniophor (OH). See p. 414. For skulls which cannot be placed on the cranio- 
phor, the auricular height has been determined by the distance from the auricular 
axis (see p. 413) to a point on the sagittal suture 2 — 3 cms. behind its meeting 
point with the coronal suture, or behind the bregma. Taken with callipers de- 
scribed above, D being inserted in the auricular orifice and CD being made to 
coincide as closely as possible with the auricular axis "by appreciation." Such 
height is marked by (h) in the Tables of measurements. 
(i) Length of skull base, from the basion to the middle of the fronto-nasal 
suture, the nasion (LB). 
{j ) Horizontal f circumference of the skull, measured directly above the 
superciliary ridges and round the most projecting point of the back of the head 
with the steel tape (U). 
(k) Sagittal or median circumference of the skull, measured from the nasion 
over the top of the head to the middle of the posterior rim of the foramen magnum, 
or the opisthion. Taken with the steel tape (S). 
(l) Cross-circumference of the skull, measured in a vertical plane (perpen- 
dicular to the " horizontal plane ") from the upper rim of one auricular passage to 
that of the other. Taken with the steel tape (Q). 
(m) Face height, measured from nasion to the lowest median projection of 
the mandible. Measured with the callipers (GH). 
(n) Upper face height, measured from the nasion to the middle of the 
central process of the upper jaw between the middle incisor teeth, i.e. the alveolar 
point. Taken with the callipers (G'H). 
* Letters in brackets indicate tlie symbols used for each measurement, 
t Not necessarily ' horizontal ' in the sense of the " horizontal plane." 
