428 Variation and Co7^r elation of the Human Skull 
of Africa. They were copied from the MSS. of Broca in Paris for Professor Pearson 
through the courtesy of M. Manouvrier. 
To these allied races the data for two other races have been added. 
(e) Ranke's measurements on " Altbayerisch " skulls from his Beitrdge zur 
physischen Anthropologie der Bayern, Bd. I. 
{f) Koganei's measurements on Aino skulls. Beitrdge zur physischen 
Anthropologie der Aino, Mitteilungen aus der medicinisohen Facultdt der k. j. 
Universitdt. Tokio, 1894, Bd. ii. 
We are thus able to compare the Naqadas with both a highly civilised modern 
race and an extremely primitive type. 
TABLE VI. 
Modern Negroes *. 
Character and 
Reference 
Letter 
Male 
Female 
No. 
Mean 
No. 
Mean 
(«) G ... 
54 
1430 
23 
1256 
(c) L ... 
54 
185-04 
23 
174-52 
{e)B ... 
54 
135-20 
23 
130-52 
ig) H ... 
54 
134-77 
23 
126-91 
(/3) lOQBjL 
54 
73-28 
23 
74-85 
(6) lOQHjL 
54 
72-83 
23 
72-75 
Before we discuss the bearing of these tables we must refer to one or two 
matters with regard to the general measurement of cranial chai'acters. It must 
first be observed that it is extremely difficult to fix a conventional measurement 
by a printed statement. The skull is not a system of geometrical points, and 
a personal view as to what is to be taken as the " point " may quite well bias one 
way or the other a measurement by one or more millimetres. For example in 
measurements made from the German horizontal plane, one investigator may take 
it from the auricular axis and the left eye, another from the right eye and a third 
from what he considers the mean of the two. These differences will easily lead to 
as much as 1° difference in its position. Thus the personal equation is far more 
important in the measurement of some charactei's than the errors of random 
sampling, even though our samples are small. We cannot safely conclude as to 
racial difference from differences greater than those of random sampling, when we 
are treating certain organs of which the measurement is difficult of exact definition. 
* From Broca's MSS. measurements at Paris. Chiefly but not entirely from Algiers, the Soudan 
and the West Coast of Africa. The capacities are as in the case of all Broca's measurements 
exaggerated. If we modify them by the reduction suggested in Archiv f. Anthropologie, Bd. xiii. Suppl. 
S. 78 we find Negro cf =1347, ¥ =1176, values much nearer to those given in Table V. for the modern 
Negro. 
A. 
