C. D. Fawcett 
433 
decreasing length (X), the increasing breadth (B), the increasing frontal breadth 
(B'), the increasing auricular height (OH) and the increasing total facial height 
(GH) for the males. For the females the Copt crania are so few in number that 
they are scarcely of value for comparative purposes. Still the main changes — 
decrease in length and increase in breadth — are well marked between Naqadas and 
Thebans. These changes appear again in the progressively increasing values of 
the two indices B/L and H/L. 
The following table shows the most significant changes and places for com- 
parison alongside them changes that have gone on within England itself From 
these results, we think, it must be concluded that the changes between prehistoric, 
historic and modern Egyptians, even when they are greatest, are not greater than 
we find between different classes of the same community, or between members of 
the same community at a few centuries interval. We are not therefore compelled 
to assume that admixture of races to which the " fixed-type " craniologist is always 
appealing. The supposition of an intraracial evolution, tending in both Egyptian 
and English cases in the same direitinn — conveniently if not quite exactly 
described as towards increased brachycephaly — is the most reasonable view of 
the facts. 
TABLE IX. 
Male Crania* 
Character 
Naqadas 
Thebans 
Copts 
17th Century 
Modern English 
English 
Criminal 
Upper Class 
Capacity 
Length 
Breadth 
Cephalic Index 
1381 
185-13 
134-87 
72-99 
1388 
181-94 
136-63 
75-07 
1355 
179-11 
136-51 
77-30 
1522 
187-65 
140-00 
74-73 
[1378]t 
180-44 
1.39-30 
77-23 
[1431]t 
182-51 
142-96 
78-33 
But if changes in the mean length of the skidl of 3 to 7 mm., in the mean 
breadth of the skull of 2 to 3 mm. and in the cephalic index of 3 to 4 points can 
arise in periods of 300 to 6000 years, it seems possible that a period of 100,000 
years with evolution working only at the same rate would suffice to have modified 
the skull from a form which the craniologist would hesitate to term human. In 
other words the pace of evolution may be far greater than has hitherto been sug- 
gested. The problem of the evolutionist is not to show that at all times all 
characters in all species are rapidly changing, but that at some times some species 
are changing at a rate which on the whole would suffice to bring the biological 
record into synchronism with geological limits. 
* Measurements on Prof. Thane's 17th century skulls by A. Martin Leake and G. U. Yule. For the 
modern English : see Macdonell, Biometrika, Vol. i. p. 190. 
t Deduced from Dr A. Lee's formula, Phil. Trans. Vol. 196, A, p. 252. 
Biometrika i 47 
