436 
Variation and Correlation of the Human Skull 
some characters the New Race was advanced or modern ; in others it was inferior or i:)rimitive. 
On the whole, the proportions of the hmb-bones to one another may be said to have approached 
those of the Negro, while the sacral and scapular indices were almost identical with those of 
Europeans*." 
In total height and auricular height of skull, in height and breadth of face, in 
nasal height, in cephalic index and upper face index the Naqadas approached 
the modern Negro. But in nasal breadth, height of orbit, palate length and 
nasal index they are closer to the Germans. In length of skull, sagittal circum- 
ference, facial index, breadth-height ratio and nasal index they are, perhaps, closest 
to a primitive race like the Aino. Thus the cranial results fully bear out the 
judgment from the long bones, that the race was in some characters advanced or 
modern, in others inferior or primitive. 
(8) General points. 
Of other points to which attention may be drawn in our general table of means 
we note : 
(a) The mean male skull with the possible exception of the breadth of the 
orbit is significantly larger than the mean female skull. 
(h) While the height of the male skull appears to be significantly greater 
than the breadth, that of the female seems significantly less. (Of. (e) and (^) 
in Tables V''' and V''.) 
(c) The left orbit for both measurements in both sexes appears larger than 
the right orbit. Thus the orbit gives the advantage to the left, which agrees 
with the predominating side of the skeleton found by Dr Warren in the case 
of femur, tibia and fibula, whereas in the case of humerus, radius and ulna the 
right-hand side was the largerf. 
(d) The advantages of measuring Flower's length, the maximum length, and the 
horizontal length (F, L and L'), are seen to be remarkably small. When the sample 
numbers as many as 160 to 200 skulls — a number very rarely reached in cranio- 
logical investigations, the differences between F, L and L' are not beyond the limits 
of random sampling for female skulls, and the difference between F and L' scarcely 
beyond these limits for male skullsj. The indices calculated for L and for L' are 
sensibly identical within the limits of random sampling, and it is accordingly 
for all purposes of racial comparison and relationship not worth the labour to 
measure these three lengths separately. One or other may be from the anatomical 
standpoint a better measurement to make, but the craniologist who knows either F, 
* Phil. Trnvs. Vol. 189, B, p. 191. An Investigatiou of the Variability of the Human Skeleton with 
special reference to the Naqada Race. 
t Phil. Trans. Vol. 189, B, pp. 159 et seq. The right is the larger side also in the case of the hand : 
see Whiteley and Pearson, R. S. Proc. Vol. 65. p. 129 and Lewenz and Whiteley, Biometrika, Vol. i. 
p. 348. 
X The results would probably have been still closer, if the means had been struck for the same 
skulls. 
