APPENDIX. 
Ixvii 
The place of Melli is occupied, in his description, by Guber (which Mr. 
Beaufoy learnt, was to the south of Wangara) ; whilst that of Ghana remains 
unoccupied; unless we suppose it to be included in the empire of Tombuc- 
too, which is implied (p. 254), when he speaks of Wangara (Guangara) as 
being troubled on the west by the king of Tombuctoo, and on the east by 
him of Bornou : and as he also speaks of Tombuctoo as the largest empire 
in Nigritia, (p. 4.) 
In the position of Wangara,* he is right; for it lies between Zanfara and 
Bornou : but he seems not to have known that it was intersected by the 
Niger, and formed of its alluvions, as Edrisi points out to us.f But Leo 
learnt one important particular as a merchant, that the southern quarter of 
it, produced gold, in abundance. As I shall have occasion to speak more 
fully of this country, when the course of the Niger comes under considera- 
tion, it will be unnecessary to say more of it, in this place. 
Kassina is removed by Leo, from the banks of the Niger, its proper 
situation, far inland, to the east of Cano, or Ganat,£ (p. 253.) This is 
another proof of his writing from hearsay. Kassina is not heard of, in 
Edrisi; it no doubt was included in Ghana, at that day. 
Leo is silent respecting Tokrur or Tekrur. This appears to have been 
the metropolis of the great central empire of Africa, in the time of Edrisi and 
Abulfeda; and must have existed in later times; as the Tukorol, to whose 
prince the Portugueze sent an ambassador about the year 1493, may be taken 
for the same place. It may, however, have been swallowed up in the empire 
of Tombuctoo, which was founded after the time of Edrisi, and before the 
date of Leo's writing. . But as the city of Tombuctoo gave name to the 
empire, so might Tokrur ; and this latter may have fallen so much to de- 
cay, as to be little known in the present times : and this may account for 
Mr. Park's not being able to learn any tidings, of it. And finally, as Leo 
had not heard of Houssa, we .may conclude that it is a city of a yet later 
* Guangara, (Leo.) f Pages 11 and 12. 
|. It lies to the SSWof Agadez. Af. Ass. Q^p. 221 ; Q. p. 326. M. D'Anville mis- 
took the Cano of Leo (p. 253.) situated at 500 miles from the Niger, tor Ghana. But 
the Ganat of our map, in the road from Fezzan to Agadez, must be meant. 
i 2 
