156 
[Assembly 
that many thousand loads can be easily obtained, yet it has never been 
tried as a fertilizer. 
The use of tufaceous marl has been already alluded to; stalactites and 
stalagmites are used for ornamental marbles, and sinter and tufa for ma~ 
king very pure and white lime, for walls of hard finish. 
Bog Ore. 
Bog ore occurs in the low grounds in the valley of the Kline Kill, 
three or four miles east of Kinderhook. It was pointed out to me by 
Mr. Samuel Crocker, on Peter Gardenier's land. It forms a layer of 
about eight inches thick, under the soil of the meadow. Mr. G. thinks 
it extensive. The ore is more or less mixed with gravel, but some of 
it is of good quality. Bog ore is said to occur in the meadows near the 
Sulphur Springs, in the north part of Claverack. It is also found on 
the farm of Daniel Falls, and on several of the adjacent farms, in a tract 
of meadow land. It is supposed to be in too small quantities for ex- 
tensive use. Some of the ore has been smelted at Kemble's furnace, at 
Cold Spring, in Putnam county. 
Bog ore is said to occur in a meadow two miles west of Pine Plains. 
At Poquaick, in Beekman, bog ore is also stated to be found. 
Rev. Mr. Woodbridge, of Austerlitz, informed me of a deposit of bog 
ore, one and a half mile from that place, on the farm of Mr. Asa Cal- 
kins. 
Iron ore, probably bog ore, is said to exist in Chatham, east of Groat's 
Corners, on Mr. Burges' farm. 
Bog iron ore, although quite common in small quantities in Columbia 
and Dutchess counties, is not often found there in such bodies, or of 
such quality, as to be very valuable. The important beds of iron ore 
will be described under Hematite. 
Wadd. 
This alluvial ore is found rather abundantly in a narrow range of coun- 
try in Columbia county. It is deposited from solution in water, in 
marshes, like bog ore. It has been found in quantity only in the vici- 
nity of a range of slate, injected with quartz veins, which contain brown 
spar. Where this spar is decomposed, oxide of manganese remains, 
which frequently retains the crystalline texture of the spar. This quartz, 
when exposed to the air, soon loses the brown spar by decomposition, 
