J. F. Tocher 
221 
(7) Scottish Adults— Beddoes Observations. The figures of the pioneer observer 
Dr Beddoe are useful, indicating as they do the predominant classes in various 
localities in Scotland. The samples of the population observed by Beddoe are 
usually small and in many cases they are too local to give an idea of the dis- 
tribution of the surrounding area. His classes do not all correspond to those of 
the present data, and since adults and not children were observed by him one is 
farther debarred from attempting to compare directly the relative frequencies 
of his classes in various localities with those from this survey. The proportion 
of red hair generally found by him appears to be slightly higher than that found 
by the teachers of Scotland among the children. The excesses however appear 
in the same districts. He shows exce.ss of dark hair in the same western regions 
of the country. The proper time to enter into a discussion of Dr Beddoe's results 
is when a survey of the colour characters of the adult population has been 
completed and the results tabulated and analysed. 
II. Foreign Data, (a) Tlie Actual Data. The results of this survey will now 
be compared with the results of the surveys of the colour characters of children 
which have been cari'ied out in Germany, Switzerland and (partially) in England, 
and with the results of the surveys of the colour characters of the adult popu- 
lations of Sweden and Italy (military data). The following table (Table LX.) 
gives the percentages of the classes in each of the countries named, the school 
figures for Scotland being given alongside for comparison. 
TABLE LX. 
Authority 
Country 
Nature of 
Population 
Hair 
Eyes 
Fair 
Bed 
Medium 
Dark 
Light 
Medium 
Dark 
Virchow . . . 
Prussia ... 
Children 
72-4 
•3 
26-0 
1-3 
42-9 
32-6 
24-5 
Beddoe . . . 
Switzerland 
52-9 
2-9 
38-9 
5-3 
Retzius ... 
Sweden ... 
Adults 
7.5-3 
2-3 
21-6 
-8 
66-7 
28-8 
4-5 
Livi 
Italy 
Military 
8-2 
-6 
60-1 
31-] 
10-3 
20-6 
69-1 
Ammon ... 
Baden 
Adults 
41-6 
1-7 
38-6 
18-1 
64-4 
22-9 
12-7 
Tocher . . . 
Russian Jews in Glasgow 
Children 
5-1 
1-2 
33-4 
59-7 
19-8 
21-1 
59-1 
Pearson ... 
England 
Boys 
33-5 
4-1 
34-0 
28-4 
41-5 
37-0 
21-6 
Tocher ... 
Scotland 
Boys 
24-95 
5-49 
43-28 
26-28 
44-97 
32-72 
22-31 
„ 
Girls 
27-43 
5-09 
40-87 
26-62 
45-18 
32-06 
22-76 
(/8) Comments. The first fact worthy of notice is that Scotland occupies an inter- 
mediate position between the extreme northern race (Germany) and the extreme 
southern one (Italy) in the matter of pigmentation. The northern German race 
has about 72 per cent, of the fair-haired class ; the Italian race about 60 per cent 
of the brown-haired class and 31 per cent, of the dark-haired class. Scotland has 
about equal proportions of fair and dark; about one-fourth of the school population 
is either fair-haired or dark-haired ; the remaining belong to intermediate classes 
which include the shades of brown and red. Now if a pure race of the blonde 
