J. F. Tocher 
227 
medium and dark eyes respectively. Germany as a whole has a significantly 
greater proportion of dark eyes than in Scotland, 32 per cent, as against 22 per cent. 
Scotland does not resemble Italy in any respect, except that in both medium 
is the predominant class in hair colour. In Italy, however, the proportion is 
significantly greater, 60 per cent, as against 43 per cent, in Scotland. Nowhere 
on the Continent does one find a distribution of hair colour similar to Scotland. 
It remains to be seen, when observations are made on English, Welsh and Irish 
children, in what respects these will differ from the results for Scottish children 
as shown by this survey. The difference between Pearson's series of 4000 children 
and Scottish children is not very great. 
II. The results of this survey show that the distribution of colour is by no 
means uniform throughout Scotland. On the contrary, there are well-defined areas 
where the proportions of the various classes exceed quite significantly the pro- 
portions which would occur if the population were as evenly distributed throughout 
Scotland as, say, the grain of a cornfield is sown by the farmer. In this example, 
the distribution of the grain is not absolutely uniform, but the farmer succeeds in 
preventing excessive deposits of grain in one part and meagre deposits in another. 
An enumeration of the number of seeds in each square yard, and an analysis of 
the numbers would show that the intention had been to make a uniform distri- 
bution. No such uniform distribution of the population of Scotland is found 
when the population is considered in sections as represented by the various colour 
classes. This is quite apart from the density of the population, which is well 
known to be very far from being uniform. The proportions of the various classes 
quite exceed in the expected values in many localities. 
Excesses of blue eyes and fair hair occur mainly in the north of Scotland and 
are common for both sexes to Orkney, Shetland, the isle of Lewis, Ross, Cromarty, 
Elgin, Nairn and Perth, and portions of Stirling, Forfar and Fife ; also to Ayr 
and portions of Renfrew and Lanark in the west and Berwick in the east ; in all 
representing only about 1,000,000 of the population ; that is, about one-fifth of 
the whole population of Scotland has a significantly greater proportion than the 
average of the fair-haired and blue-eyed classes, the excesses being common to 
both sexes. In the girl population the distribution of excess of both classes is 
greater ; it extends to a population of nearly two millions in the case of fair hair 
and to about a million-and-a-half in the case of blue eyes. The distribution of 
red hair is fairly uniform throughout Scotland. The region of marked excess for 
a large area is the north-east of Scotland. Isolated cases of excess occur in 
Sutherland and in the north-east of Lanarkshire. Excessive proportions of medium 
or brown hair occur in Glasgow, Govan, Dundee, and in the counties of Renfrew, 
Selkirk and Peebles. The excess in Leith for the boy population is also probably 
significant, as also the excesses in the counties of Stirling (girls), Linlithgow and 
Bute (boys). Excess of this class (see VII.) is peculiar to densely jjopulated 
districts. Excess of dark hair is peculiar to the west of Scotland, the only eastern 
county .showing excess of this class (boys only) being the small county of Kin- 
29—2 
